1、2011 年南开大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 assonance2 transcendentalism3 medieval romances in England4 foot5 humanism二、分析题5 Questions 1 to 6 are based on the following poem by Emily Dickinson. Because I Could not Stop for Death Because I could not stop for Death He kindly stopped for me The Carriage held
2、 but just Ourselves And Immortality.We slowly droveHe knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too, For his CivilityWe passed the School, where Children strove At Recessin the Ring We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain We passed the Setting SunOr rather, He passed Us The Dews drew q
3、uivering and chill For only Gossamer, my Gown My tippetonly tulleWe paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground The Roof was scarcely visibleThe Cornicein a GroundSince then tis centuriesand yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the horses heads Were toward Eternity.6 Why di
4、d Death stop for me?7 Why couldnt I stop for Death?8 What did the Deaths carriage hold?9 What three things did the speaker and Death pass?10 What is the “House“ in the ground in Stanza 5? Why do the centuries seem shorter than the Day?11 What is the theme of the poem? 11 Questions 7 to 10 are based
5、on the letter written by Samuel Johnson to the Earl of Chesterfield.To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield February 7, 1755 My Lord:I have been lately informed by the proprietor of the World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your Lordship
6、. To be so distinguished is an honor which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of y
7、our address; and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre; that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had o
8、nce addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.Seven years, my Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outwa
9、rd rooms, or was repulsed from your door, during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. Such treatmen
10、t I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and found him a native of the rocks.Is not a patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help
11、? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labors, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obl
12、igations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favorer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I
13、 should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, my Lord,Your Lordships most humble, most obedient servant, Sam. Johnson12 Why did Johnson first visit Lord Chesterfield? What was Johnson
14、s impression of Lord Chesterfield and how was he treated?13 How does Johnson define a patron?14 In the letter, Johnson wrote “The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and found him a native of the rocks. “ What does the sentence mean?15 How does Johnson feel about the notice Lord Ch
15、esterfield had taken of his work after he had finished his Dictionary? What is the real purpose of Johnsons letter?2011 年南开大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Assonance is a figure of repetition in which different words with the same or similar vowel sounds occuring successively in words with differ
16、ent consonants; two or more words with similar vowel sounds sandwiched between different consonants.2 【正确答案】 Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to-middle 19th century. It spoke for cultural rejuvenation
17、 and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, regarding it as the most important thing in the Universe. It also stressed the importance of the individual, seeing nature as symbolic of the spirit of God. Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Ralph
18、Emerson and Henry Thoreau. Emersons Nature has been called the “ Manifesto of American Transcendentalism“. Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment of transcendentalism doctrines around the shore of Walden and then wrote the experience in his famous Walden.3 【正确答案】 Romance is a style of heroic pros
19、e and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. The most famous medieval romances in England are t
20、hose of Arthur, such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Marlorys Le Morte D Arthur.4 【正确答案】 The foot is the basic metrical unit that generates a line of verse in most Western traditions of poetry.The unit is composed of syllables, the number of which is limited, with a few variations, by the sou
21、nd pattern the foot represents. The most common feet in English are the iamb, trochee, dactyl, and anapest.5 【正确答案】 Humanism is a term generally applied to the predominant social philosophy and intellectual and literary currents of the period from 1400 to 1650. The return to favor of the pagan class
22、ics stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression.二、分析题6 【正确答案】 Death appears personified in this poem as a courtly beau who gently insists that the speaker put aside both “la
23、bor“ and “leisure“. He arrives in his carriage , having stopped for her because she could not have stopped for him.7 【正确答案】 The poem suggests that Death is not meant to be an endhuman existence will go on for Eternity.Death gives way to Immortality, and thus, even if she had wanted to, the speaker c
24、ould not have stopped for Death. The grave is merely a brief pause on the journey toward Eternity.8 【正确答案】 Deaths carriage held Death, the speaker and Immortality.9 【正确答案】 They passed a school, fields of gazing grain, and the setting sun. The school represents her youth, the fields is her maturity o
25、f adulthood; and the setting sun is her old age.10 【正确答案】 (1)The house is a grave or a crypt.(2)The experience of Death is a moment that is longer than several centuries. In this process of Death, she gets to know herself as well as the world better. Therefore, this process is a lasting and unforget
26、table one. On the other hand, once she is in her eternal resting place and becomes immortal, time will become meaningless.11 【正确答案】 Mortality is probably the major theme in this poem. Its all about the speakers attitude toward her death and what the actual day of her death is like. Dickinson paints
27、a picture of the day that doesnt seem too far from the ordinary. The speaker isnt scared of death at all, and seems to accept it. She thinks that death is a way toward Eternity.【试题解析】 【诗歌译文】因为我不能够停下等死因为我不能够停下等死他为我停下，友善和气四轮马车只载着我俩和永生。我们慢慢而行一一他知道无需急促，而我也挥去了我的工作和安逸，因为他的彬彬有礼我们经过学校，值课间休息孩子们围成一圈打逗游戏我们经过农田
28、凝望五谷我们经过落日确切地说是他经过我们那雾水引来了冷颤和寒气因我的衣服仅为纤细的薄纱织物我的披肩不过是绢网我们停于一幢建筑物前它看上去好似一片地面隆起那屋顶几乎看不见屋檐也低于地面自那以后若干个世纪却似乎短于那一天的光阴，我第一次猜测到那马头是朝向永恒之地12 【正确答案】 (1)Johnson visited Lord Chesterfield in hope of getting some help for his work. Because it was the tradition of that time that writer should find a patron to sup
29、port his work.(2)Johnson thought Lord Chesterfield might be a lover of literature himself, because he could overpower the world with his enchanting address. But the fact was that Johnson was treated with total indifference and ignorance.13 【正确答案】 Johnson compares the patron to a man who coldly looks
30、 on someone drowning in the river without making any effort to save him, but hurries over to help when the drowning man has struggled ashore by himself. To state explicitly, the patron is a mean, heartless and hypocritical man. Johnson indignantly reminds Lord Chesterfield of his former negligence o
31、f the appeal for help and implies that a literary patron is the one who does nothing to help the writers during their creation; but when their work is completed, he will, as Lord Chesterfield has done with Johnsons dictionary, come forward to praise it and recommend it to the public, hoping that the
32、 author will dedicate the work to him and acknowledge his patronage.14 【正确答案】 By allusion to the shepherds story in Virgils works, Johnson expresses his confidence and pride in his ability to handle the situation and to bring the dictionary to the final completion after his long strenuous effort to
33、carry on the work without any help from the lord.15 【正确答案】 (1)As Johnson has relied solely on himself in this gigantic task, when he got the notice of Lord Chesterfield, he disdained his false compliment, and he did not want the public to think that he had received the help from a patron. He condemn
34、ed the fame-fishing act of Chesterfield.(2)Though the letter was written in a very refined and polite language, the authors bitterness, sarcasm, anger and defiance of the authority is obvious. This letter is an announcement to demonstrate a great courage to defy the power of the Lord and his strong
35、confidence in him as a self-reliant man of letters.【试题解析】 致切斯特菲尔德伯爵函是约翰逊于 1755：年 2 月 7 日写给切斯特菲尔德伯爵的一封信。切斯特菲尔德伯爵开始对约翰逊编辞典一事冷眼相看，然而就在约翰逊艰辛奋斗 7 年，终于独立完成辞典编写，出版在即之时，切斯特菲尔德伯爵在当时的世界报上连写两篇文章，对约翰逊的辞典大加吹捧，希望约翰逊将来能把英国的第一部英语辞典献给他。约翰逊得知此事后，义愤填膺，挥笔写下了这篇名传千秋的信函。信中数落了伯爵对他的冷淡，嘲讽了伯爵的傲慢与专横，从而宣布了约翰逊的辞典与伯爵无关，对伯爵无恩可感、无情可载。约翰逊的信是一个穷作家对大人物的控诉状，表现了作家对权贵的蔑视，实质上，约翰逊的这种精神代表了英国新兴的资产阶级对封建权势的反抗。人们将约翰逊的这封信比作是“作家的独立宣言”。此后，英国文坛上的保护人制度(Patronage)在欧洲大陆逐渐消失了。
