1、2011 年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 acoustic phonetics2 allophonic variation3 back-formation4 government5 anaphor6 cognate7 spoonerism8 conversational maxim9 face validity10 negative transfer二、音标题11 Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then
2、give an English word that contains this sound. phonetic description phonetic symbol English word(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2)palatal glide (3)high back tense rounded vowel (4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded vowel 12 In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is s
3、imilar to that of the suffix -ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to(1)give the two phonetic forms of the affix;(2)give the underlying form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonet
4、ic forms, using the wordsdumuni“eating“ andsungoli“sleeping“ to illustrate the process of derivation. bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair dilali repairingdon come donni comingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famni knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo s
5、leep sungoli sleeping三、简答题13 What is a “slip of the tongue“? What has research into “slip of the tongue“ phenomena revealed about speech production process? 14 Please give a brief account of the relevance theory. 15 In your opinion, in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies? 16 Plea
6、se describe error analysis procedures in second language research. 四、分析题17 Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis. (1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18 The English
7、 sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammatically in each of the sentences. (1)* Jack put his ball.(2)* I wonder Michael walked the dog.(3)* Frank thinks himself is a superstar.19 Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or const
8、ituents. The phrases labeled in the sentence given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification. You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. The child
9、renNP willstopat the cornerPPVP if they see us do so.20 The English sentence is given below. You are required to(1)give the Deep Structure of the sentence,(2)give all the rules relevant to Interrogative Transformation, and(3)transform the Deep Structure of the sentence into its Surface Structure by
10、applying the rules you have given. Tree diagrams for DS and SS are necessary. What did John eat?21 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words). (1)In English, the plurality of countable nouns can be represented in several forms, or suffixes. The following are examples of some
11、of such forms. Are these suffixes of plurality the allomorphs of one and the same morpheme, or are they different morphemes? State the reasons for your answer to the question.Singular Plural Singular Pluraldwarf dwarfss stratum strata dogs dogsz thesis thesesi:zwife wivesz bureau burauxzox oxen n st
12、imulus stimuliai22 State about any speech production model that you are familiar with. Use an utterance example to illustrate your understanding of the chosen model and explain how it accounts for the exchange error of “This is the happiest life of my day“.2011 年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】
13、It is a branch of phonetics which studies the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.【试题解析】 (考查声学语言学)2 【正确答案】 The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment is called allophonic variation.【试题解析】 (考查音位变体)3 【正确答案】 It refers to an abnormal type of word-for
14、mation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.【试题解析】 (考查逆构词法)4 【正确答案】 It is a syntactic relation of another type of control, which is realized in three possible forms; first, the relation between a head and an object or other compleme
15、nt; second, a relation between such a head and the case of an object; third, a relation elements development in “Government and Binding Theory“ into a general principle by which elements are assigned by other elements that c-command them.【试题解析】 (考查支配)5 【正确答案】 It means a word or phrase with an anapho
16、ric function.【试题解析】 (考查照应语)6 【正确答案】 It means a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from a common source.【试题解析】 (考查同源词)7 【正确答案】 It means the initial letter or letters of two words are transposed.【试题解析】 (考查首音互换)8
17、 【正确答案】 This is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “ Make your conversational contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. “ There are four categorie
18、s of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims.【试题解析】 (考查会话原则合作原则)9 【正确答案】 Face validity is based on the subjective judgment of an observer. If the test appears to be measuring what it intends to measure, the test is considered to have face validity.
19、【试题解析】 (考查卷面效度)10 【正确答案】 In learning a second language, learners will subconsciously use their mother tongue knowledge. This is known as language transfer. When the structures of the languages are different, negative transfer or interference will occur and result in errors.【试题解析】 (考查负迁移)二、音标题11 【正确答
20、案】 (1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stoppspeak(2 points)(2)palatal glidejyet(2 points)(3)high back tense rounded vowelu:blue(2 points)(4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded voweldbox(2 points)【试题解析】 考查语音描写。12 【正确答案】 (1)The two phonetic forms of the affix; -ni; -li.(3 points)(2)The underlying form of
21、 the affix: -ing.(2 points)(3)/ing/ni/muli/go(3 points)In the example,niandliare two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /ing/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case, the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they ne
22、ver occur in the same context. That is to say,nialways occurs aftermu, whilelialways occurs aftergo.(4 points)【试题解析】 在所列单词中可以看出一个规律：表达一 ing 这种形式时，go和a后面往往加li ，而mu和en后面则添加ni。因此，可以得出结论：ni和li都是一 ing 的变体，而且二者处于互补分布中。三、简答题13 【正确答案】 Slip of the tongue means the initial letter or letters of two words are t
23、ransposed.(2 points)At a theoretical level, a promising start has been made by Garrett. He argues that producing speech is a much more complex matter than it might appear to be from our everyday experience. According to his model, there are altogether five different levels of representation involved
24、 in speaking a sentence, and they occur in the following sequence;(3 points)(1)The message-level representation; It is an abstract, pre-linguistic representation of the idea or ideas that the speaker wants to communicate.(2)The functional-level representation; It is an outline of the proposed uttera
25、nce having grammatical structure; in other words, the slots for nouns, adjectives and so on, are allocated, but there are no actual words to fill the slots.(3)The positional-level representation; It differs from the functional level representation in that it incorporates the words of the sentence th
26、at is to be produced.(4)The phonetic-level representation; Of the necessary information about the ways the intended sentence are pronounced.(5)The articulatory-level representation; It is the final representation, and contains a set of instructions for articulating the words in a sentence in the cor
27、rect order.(5 points)This complex theory of speech production has not yet been tested thoroughly. However, there are supporters for some of its major assumptions. In essence, Garrett claims that the speaker engages in a reasonable elaborate planning before begin to speak. One way of testing this not
28、ion is to consider the sorts of error that people make while talking. For example, if sounds or words from the end of a sentence intrude into the early part of a sentence, then it provides an evidence for the notion of forward planning, and the SPOONERISM(SLIP OF THE TONGUE)belongs to this type of e
29、rror.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查口误现象。这个概念指的是两个单词的前一个或前几个字母互换位置。请人们收集他们在日常言语中的口误对研究言语产生来说是一个比较有效的方法，Garrett 对此展开了研究，他宣称，说话者在说话之前会在合理范围内对要说的话进行计划。有些错误印证了他的这一观点，其中口误现象即是证据之一。它证明了人们在说出一个句子前确实有计划性。14 【正确答案】 This theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book Relevance-. Communicatio
30、n and Cognition in 1986. They argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as;Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.(4 points)To understand this definition, we n
31、eed to be clear about the key notions in it; “ostensive communication“ and “presumption of optimal relevance“.(1 point)From the speakers side, communication should be seen as an act of making clear ones intention to express something. They call this act as ostensive act.(3 points)By “presumption of
32、optimal relevance“ is meant;(a)The set of assumptionsI, which the communicator intends to make manifest to the addressee, is relevant enough to make it worth the addressees time to process the ostensive stimulus.(2 points)(b)The ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one the communicator could have
33、 used to communicateI.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查关联理论。关联理论可以简化为关联原则。关联原则的定义是：每一个明示交际行为都传递一种假定：该行动本身具备最佳关联性。为了理解这个定义，我们需要搞清楚其中的关键概念：“明示交际行为”和“最佳关联假定”。从说话人方面讲，交际应该被看成一种表明自身说话意图的行为，这种行为被称为“明示行为”。而最佳关联假定则包括两个方面。15 【正确答案】 A linguist who has access to a corpus can call up all the examples of a word or phrase from
34、 many millions of words of texts in a few seconds.(3 points)Dictionaries can be produced and revised much more quickly than before, thus providing up-to-date information about language.(3 points)Also, definitions can be more complete and precise since a large number of natural examples are examined.
35、(2 points)What is more, the ability to call up word combinations rather than individual words, and the existence of mutual information tools which establish relationships between co-occurring words mean that we can treat phrases and collocations more systematically than was previously possible.(3 po
36、ints)A phraseological unit may constitute a piece of technical terminology or an idiom, and collocations are important clues to specific word senses.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查语料库在词汇研究领域起的作用。使用语料库，语言学家能在几秒钟内从一个有几百万词汇的文本里抽取一个词或短语的所有实例；字典的编纂和校订将比以前快很多，定义也将更加完整和精确；而且，使我们比以前更有可能系统性地处理短语和搭配问题。16 【正确答案】 Error ana
37、lysis is the study and analysis of errors which is confined to the second language learners. Its major claim is that many errors made by second language learners are caused by factors other than native language interference.(3 points)The procedure of error analysis consists of the following three st
38、eps;Recognition. If the sentence produced by the learner is grammatically incorrect, errors occur; if its grammatically correct, but used inappropriate in the communicative context, then mistakes occur.(3 points)Description. We can find out the errors and mistakes by comparing the sentence produced
39、by the learners with the correct one produced by the native speakers.(3 points)Explanation. When an error is recognized and described, we then try to explain why the error happened. That is to say, we make hypothesis about the psychological processes which have caused the learner to commit the error
40、.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查错误分析的步骤。错误分析法是一种研究和分析第二语言学习者所犯错误的方法，它指出，语言学习者所犯的许多错误不是母语干扰所致，而是体现了一些普遍的学习策略，如概括过度和规则简化。错误分析的程序包括以下几步：识别错误；描写错误；解释错误。四、分析题17 【正确答案】 【试题解析】 考查复合词和派生词的构成。复合词由一个以上的词汇语素构成，或者由两个独立的词连接起来构成。派生词则由词根和词缀构成。词根是词的基本形式，不能再作进一步的分析而完全不损失其同一性，即去掉所有词缀后，词剩下的部分就是词根。词缀是一个构词成分的集合，它们只能附加于另一个语素上。18 【正确
41、答案】 (1)Jack put his ball. This sentence is ungrammatical because it is incomplete, for “ put“ means “ move sth. /sb. in a special place“ , but this sentence does not indicate where to “put his ball“.(2 points)(2)I wonder Michael walked the dog. The meaning of this sentence is incomplete; an “if“ sho
42、uld be added to the object clause of “wonder“.(2 points)(3)Frank thinks himself is a superstar. In this sentence, the subject of the object clause “ himself is a superstar“ is ungrammatical. A subject should be in nominative case.(2 points)【试题解析】 三个句子中，第一句中的“put”指的是“将某物人放在某处”，故该句不完整，没说明将“his ball” 放
43、在何处；第二句句意不完整；第三句中，宾语从句的主语应该用主格，而该句中却错用了反身代词的宾格形式。19 【正确答案】 【试题解析】 在 XP 规则中，X 代表词组的中心，可以是名词、动词、形容词或介词。为了清楚表示词组结构的一般规则，XP 规则可以用以下公式表达：The XP rule：XP(specifier)X(complement)。20 【正确答案】 (1)The deep structure:(3 points)John ate what.(2)The rules relevant to Interrogative Transformation;(4 points)Do-invers
44、ion Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position. Wh-movement Move the wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence.(3)The deep structure; John ate what.(3 points)【试题解析】 深层结构是指一个结构体的句法属性的抽象表述，即不同成分之间的结构关系的潜在层面。表层结构是结构体句法派生过程的最后阶段，与人们实际发送、接受的结构组织是相符合的。特殊疑问句的转换规则有助动词插入规则和特殊疑问词移位规则。21 【正确答案】 Allom
45、orphs are the variation of the same morpheme, like allophones.(3 points)Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog“ , “bark“ , “cat“ , etc. In other instances there may be considerable variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms, for example, the m
46、orpheme that expresses plurality in English.(3 points)From the examples given above, we can see clearly that the plural meaning in English can be represented by the voiceless /s/, the voiced /z/, the vowel-consonant structure /iz/, the diphthong /ai/ found in the irregular form of/stimjulai/, the na
47、sal sound /n/ in / ks n/, the long vowel /i:/ in /i:siz/ and so on. Each would be said to be an allomorph of the plural morpheme.(6 points)Thus, morpheme, like phoneme, as held by American structuralists, is an abstract unit, but at a higher level of abstraction. It consists of a sequence of classes
48、 of phonemes and has either lexical or grammatical meaning. In morphemic transcription, morphemes in the abstract notion are put between braces like. Take the plural morpheme for example, it can be expressed in the form of-s -z -iz -ai -i: -n .(5 points)It should be noted that some morphemic shapes
49、represent different morphemes and thus have different meanings, e. g. the morphemic shape -s can express plurality in desks, person/finiteness in speaks and case in girls.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查英语中表达复数的语素及语素变体。有些语素有相当多的变化形式，即，一个语素有可选择的形式或语音形式。英语中的复数意义可以用s/, z，iz/ ，ai， n，i：以及 等形式来表示，每一个都可以说是复数语素的语素变体。因此，语素跟音素一样，都是抽象单位。22 【正确答案】 (1)A very useful approach in cognitive psychology is t
