1、2011 年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health. “ But【B1】_some claims to the contra
2、ry, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does【B2】_short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,【B3 】_heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to【 B4】_, a good laugh is unlikely to have【B5】_benefits the way, say,
3、walking or jogging does.【B6 】_, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the【B7】_. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter【B8 】_muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction mi
4、ght conceivably help【B9】_the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of【B10】_feedback that improve an individuals emotional state.【 B11】_one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted【B12 】_physical reactions. It was argued a
5、t the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry【B13 】_they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also【 B14】_tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow【 B15】_muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of
6、the University of Wrzburg in Germany asked volunteers to【B16 】_a pen either with their teeththereby creating an artificial smileor with their lips, which would produce a(n)【B17】_expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles【B18】_more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those who
7、se mouths were contracted in a frown,【B19】_that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way a-round.【B20】_, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1 【B1 】（A）among（B） except（C） despite（D）like2 【B2 】（A）reflect（B） demand（C） indicate（D）produce3 【B3 】（A）stabilizing（B） boost
8、ing（C） impairing（D）determining4 【B4 】（A）transmit（B） sustain（C） evaluate（D）observe5 【B5 】（A）measurable（B） manageable（C） affordable（D）renewable6 【B6 】（A）In turn（B） In fact（C） In addition（D）In brief7 【B7 】（A）opposite（B） impossible（C） average（D）expected8 【B8 】（A）hardens（B） weakens（C） tightens（D）relaxes9
9、 【B9 】（A）aggravate（B） generate（C） moderate（D）enhance10 【B10 】（A）physical（B） mental（C） subconscious（D）internal11 【B11 】（A）Except for（B） According to（C） Due to（D）As for12 【B12 】（A）with（B） on（C） in（D）at13 【B13 】（A）unless（B） until（C） if（D）because14 【B14 】（A）exhausts（B） follows（C） precedes（D）suppresses15
10、 【B15 】（A）into（B） from（C） towards（D）beyond16 【B16 】（A）fetch（B） bite（C） pick（D）hold17 【B17 】（A）disappointed（B） excited（C） joyful（D）indifferent18 【B18 】（A）adapted（B） catered（C） turned（D）reacted19 【B19 】（A）suggesting（B） requiring（C） mentioning（D）supposing20 【B20 】（A）Eventually（B） Consequently（C） Simila
11、rly（D）ConverselyPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden
12、 announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last“ wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively li
13、ttle known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. “ As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre
14、 Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher H
15、all, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time,
16、attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20 century. There recordings are cheap, a-vailable everywh
17、ere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover , they can be “ consumed“ at a time and place of the listeners choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
18、One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted; Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “ a markedl
19、y different, more vibrant organization. “ But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it h
20、opes to attract.21 We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilberts appointment has_.（A）incurred criticism.（B） raised suspicion.（C） received acclaim.（D）aroused curiosity.22 Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is_.（A）influential.（B） modest.（C） respectable.（D）talented.23 The author believes that the dev
21、oted concertgoers_.（A）ignore the expenses of live performances.（B） reject most kinds of recorded performances.（C） exaggerate the variety of live performances.（D）overestimate the value of live performances.24 According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?（A）They are often inferi
22、or to live concerts in quality.（B） They are easily accessible to the general public.（C） They help improve the quality of music.（D）They have only covered masterpieces.25 Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels_.（A）doubtful.（B） enthusiastic.（C） confident.（D）puzzled.2
23、5 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company. “ Broadcasting his ambition was “very much
24、my decision , “ McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It a
25、lso sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isntalone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, exec
26、utives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the
27、 third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For y
28、ears executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “ I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. “Those who jum
29、ped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CE
30、O. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but
31、 thats been fundamentally inverted, “ says one headhunter. “ The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.26 When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being_.（A）arrogant.（B） frank.（C） self-centered.（D）impulsive.27 According to Paragraph 2, senior
32、 executives quitting may be spurred by_.（A）their expectation of better financial status.（B） their need to reflect on their private life.（C） their strained relations with the boards.（D）their pursuit of new career goals.28 The word “poached“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means_.（A）approved of.（B
33、） attended to.（C） hunted for.（D）guarded against.29 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（A）top performers used to cling to their posts.（B） loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.（C） top performers care more about reputations.（D）its safer to stick to the traditional rules.30 Which
34、 of the following is the best title for the text?（A）CEOs: Where to Go?（B） CEOs: All the Way Up?（C） Top Managers Jump without a Net.（D）The Only Way Out for Top Performers.30 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid“ mediasuch a
35、s television commercials and print advertisementsstill play a major role , companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned“ media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company .may leverage “owned“ media by sending e-mail ale
36、rts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting t
37、heir own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid mediafor instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traff
38、ic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson yet to hear Sandra
39、 and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own“ (read; with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous; most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But its intere
40、sting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arent in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel“ might make us look just a litt
41、le bit like Jennifer Aniston.36 Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring_.（A）temporary delight.（B） enjoyment in progress.（C） happiness in retrospect.（D）lasting reward.37 We learn from Paragraph 2 that_.（A）celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.（B） single mothe
42、rs with babies deserve greater attention.（C） news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.（D）having children is highly valued by the public.38 It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks_.（A）are constantly exposed to criticism.（B） are largely ignored by the media.（C） fail to fulfill their
43、 social responsibilities.（D）are less likely to. be satisfied with their life.39 According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is_.（A）soothing.（B） ambiguous.（C） compensatory.（D）misleading.40 Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Having children cont
44、ributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.（B） Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.（C） Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.（D）We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part B (10 points) 40 A No disciplines have seized on professio
45、nalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop
46、out before getting their degrees.B His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style; 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many lead
47、ing American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “ general education“ should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have
48、 been read“they form a sort of social glue.C Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities
49、subjects: English departments awarded more bachelors degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.D One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by t
