1、2011 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、匹配题0 Match the term with its definition.(10 points)a. concerning with the inherent meaning of the linguistic formb. the phenomenon that words have different meaningsc. the ways words are formedd. statements that either state, describee. the arrangement of elements th
2、at make up a phrasef. conjoining elements of the same typeg. the phenomenon that words have more than one meanings1 morphological rules2 polysemy3 sense4 phrase structure rules5 constative二、名词解释6 Give short definition to each of the following terms in English with an example.(20 points)phonic medium
3、 of language7 allophone8 transformation9 conversational implicature10 back-formation11 speech community12 sociolect13 tenor of discourse14 culture overlap15 language acquisition device三、简答题16 Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show you
4、r understanding.(20 points)Discuss environmental factors and cognitive factors in second language acquisition.2011 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、匹配题1 【正确答案】 c【试题解析】 形态规则：the ways words are formed2 【正确答案】 g【试题解析】 一词多义：the phenomenon that words have more than one meanings3 【正确答案】 a【试题解析】 意义：concerning wi
5、th the inherent meaning of the linguistic form4 【正确答案】 e【试题解析】 短语结构规则：the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase5 【正确答案】 d【试题解析】 表述语：statements that either state，describe二、名词解释6 【正确答案】 Phonic medium of language refers to the limited ranges of sounds which are meaningful in human communication
6、 and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.【试题解析】 (考查语言的声音媒介的定义)7 【正确答案】 An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. For example, the sound /p/ is pronounced differently in the two words peak and speak. In order to bring out the phonetic differen
7、ce, the phonetic transcription for peak isphi:k, and that for speak isspi:k. Therefore,p, phare two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/, and they are called allophones.【试题解析】 (考查音位变体的定义)8 【正确答案】 Transformation refers to a special type of rule that can move an element from one positi
8、on to another. For example, inversion, a form of transformation, moves the auxiliary from the infl position to a position to the left of the subject.【试题解析】 (考查转换的定义)9 【正确答案】 Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of w
9、ords together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in Speech Act Theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning.【试题解析】 (考查会话含义的定义)10 【正确答案】 Back-formation refers to an unusually abno
10、rmal type of word-formation which a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take editor for example, the word editor appeared before edit. The first part of editor was pulled out and analyzed as a root, and then formed the word edit.【试题解析】 (考
11、查逆构词法的定义)11 【正确答案】 Speech community is defined as a group of people who form a community which may have as few members as a family or as many members as a country, and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members
12、must share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes towards linguistic forms.【试题解析】 (考查言语社团的定义)12 【正确答案】 Social dialect refers to a variety of a language or a dialect used by people belonging to a particular social class. The speakers of a sociolect usually share a similar socioecono
13、mic status and/or educational background.【试题解析】 (考查社会方言的定义)13 【正确答案】 Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. For example, we can ask “What is the relati
14、onship between the speaker and the listener?“【试题解析】 (考查话语基调的定义)14 【正确答案】 Culture overlap refers to the similarities between two societies in the natural environment and psychology of human beings, despite the culture differences. For example, English has been able to infiltrate the majority of langu
15、ages in Europe and beyond simply because British and American culture has filtered into foreign societies and cultures and has become a part of these cultures.【试题解析】 (考查文化重叠的定义)15 【正确答案】 The Language Acquisition Device(LAD)is a postulated “organ“ of the brain that is supposed to function as a congen
16、ital device for learning symbolic language(i. e. , language acquisition). For example, the LAD enables the children to discover their languages structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.【试题解析】 (考查语言习得机制的定义)三、简答题16 【正确答案】 The environmental fact
17、ors are those related to the general characteristics of the environment in which the learner is exposed to the second language.(3 points)Natural exposure to language promotes the acquisition process when the need and opportunity to communicate are present. Learners are exposed to a much more varied
18、and wider range of vocabulary and structures when the environment is natural, and learners produce more speeches when communication is the main goal.(3 points)For example, when the focus of the language speaker is on communication and meaning, the environment is said to be natural. The speaker does
19、not think about the grammatical structure of the language but rather use the language in order to get a message across.(4 points)As to the cognitive factors, the cognitive strategies may influence the acquisition of the second language. Cognitive strategies include strategies involved in analyzing,
20、synthesizing, and internalizing what has been learned.(3 points)It can be classified into metacognitive strategies and social strategies. It consists of some sub-categories, including how to use target language reference materials, how to apply rules to understand or produce second or foreign langua
21、ge sentences, how to make up rules based on language analysis, how to use inference in learning and how to take notes and make summaries.(4 points)Under metacognitive categories are planning skills such as self-management, paying attention to important things selectively, monitoring skills such as c
22、hecking ones own reading comprehension and self-evaluation skills, which enable learners to become more aware of their progress and weaknesses.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查影响第二语言习得的环境因素和认知因素。在真实的语言环境下，学习者的语言能力可以得到较快的提高。交际活动是语言环境的先决条件，语言习得必须依靠语言环境来实现。社会环境，例如报纸、广播、电视节目等，也对二语习得起着重要的促进作用。影响第二语言习得的认知因素包括个体的内心思维过程以及语法能力的发展。学习者对输入信息的认知程度，以及他们对信息中的语法和语用信息的关注程度等，都会影响学习者的第二语言习得。
