1、2012 年中国海洋大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study.（A）comparative（B） diachronic（C） up-to-date（D）descriptive2 What the element -es indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element -ed past tense, and -ing progressive aspect. Sin
2、ce they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also _.（A）phonemes（B） morphemes（C） allophones（D）phones3 Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the _ theory.（A）speech act（B） TG（C） principles-and-pa
3、rameters（D）minimalist programme4 One way to analyze lexical meaning is_.（A）predication analysis（B） stylistic analysis（C） componential analysis（D）proposition analysis5 Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speakers inten
4、tion.（A）locutionary act（B） illocutionary act（C） perlocutionary act（D）constative act6 In terms of the place of articulation, the following soundstdsznshare the feature of_.（A）palatal（B） alveolar（C） bilabial（D）dental7 A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners _.（
5、A）second language（B） first language（C） foreign language（D）interlanguage8 The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called _.（A）phonetics（B） morphology（C） syntax（D）semantics9 The word “lab“ is formed through _.（A）back formation（B） blending（C） clipping（D）derivation10 When a child uses “
6、mummy“ to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy“ means（A）+ Human（B） + Human + Adult（C） + Human + Adult-Male（D）+ Human + Adult - Male + Parent二、填空题11 By a_, we mean the forms of linguistic signs beer no natural relationship to their meaning.12 In order to avoid mentioning certain notions or ma
7、tters directly, we have the employment of e_.13 S_ is the technical name for the sameness relation.14 The u_ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.15 Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t_.16 A
8、related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a_.17 Chinese belongs to t_language, while English belongs to subject-prominent language according to the langua
9、ge typology.18 I_ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learners transitional competence in the target language.19 D_ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers ca
10、used by separation in time and space.20 C_ linguistics aims to deal with computer processing of human language.三、名词解释21 the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis22 acculturation23 linguistic relativism24 universal grammar25 speech act四、简答题26 Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors i
11、n second language acquisition and give your examples.27 What is categorization in cognitive linguistics?2012 年中国海洋大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语言学中的历时研究。历时研究集中研究语言在较长历史时期中所经历的变化。2 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语素的定义。语素是最小的不可分割的意义单位。3 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查乔姆斯基理论的发展过程。20 世纪 80 年代，生成语法学派提出的理论是最简方案。4 【正
12、确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语义成分分析法。语义成分分析法是结构语义学家提出的一种抽象词汇意义的分析方法。5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查言语行为理论中的行事行为理论，也被称为言外行为。行事行为在发话行为的同时，表明说话的目的和希望所说的话被听话者所理解。6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查辅音的发音部分。题目中所提到的四种辅音均为齿龈音。7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查第二语言习得研究的中心。应为二语学习者在学习过程中所习得的中介语。8 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查句法学的定义。句法学就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。9 【正确答案】 C【试
13、题解析】 考查构词法中的缩写词。lab 是由单词 laboratory 截掉后面的部分构成的。10 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查词汇的语义特征。二、填空题11 【正确答案】 arbitrariness【试题解析】 (考查语言的任意性特征)语言的任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有必然的联系。12 【正确答案】 euphemism【试题解析】 (考查委婉语的定义)为了避免直接提及某些概念或事物，我们使用委婉语。13 【正确答案】 Synonymy【试题解析】 (考查同义关系的定义)同义关系是指意义的相同或相近。14 【正确答案】 utterance【试题解析】 (考查话语意义的定义)
14、句子的话语意义随着它所处的语境的改变而改变。15 【正确答案】 transfer【试题解析】 (考查第二语言习得中的母语迁移现象)在学习第二语言的过程中，学习者会下意识地使用第一语言的知识，这被称为母语迁移。16 【正确答案】 acculturation【试题解析】 (考查语言文化移人的定义)有关整体动机的一项研究是对于学习者在适应第二语言文化过程中而产生的文化变迁程度及其结果的，这个适应过程被称为同化过程。17 【正确答案】 tone【试题解析】 (考查声调语言)根据语言类型学，汉语属于声调语言，而英语属于主语统御的语言。18 【正确答案】 Interlanguage【试题解析】 (考查中介
15、语的定义)中介语是指二语学习者构建的语言体系，是介于目的语和母语之间的语言。19 【正确答案】 Displacement【试题解析】 (考查语言的移位性特征)语言的移位性特征是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时探讨各种事物，而不受时间和空间的限制。20 【正确答案】 Computational【试题解析】 (考查计算语言学的定义)计算语言学研究的是利用计算机处理人类语言。三、名词解释21 【正确答案】 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theoretic assumption which suggests that our language helps mould o
16、ur way of thinking and, consequently, different language may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world. In a loose sense, this term can be interchangeably used with linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism.【试题解析】 (考查萨丕尔沃尔夫假说)22 【正确答案】 Acculturation is a process in whic
17、h members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both interacting cultures. At the group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, customs, and social institutions. Noticeable group level
18、effects of acculturation often include changes in food, clothing, and language. At the individual level, differences in the way individuals acculturate have been shown to be associated not just with changes in daily behavior, but with numerous measures of psychological and physical well-being.【试题解析】
19、 (考查语言文化移人的定义)23 【正确答案】 Linguistic relativism is the idea that differences in language are related to differences in cognition of the language users. It is an idea implied from linguistic determinism, and subject in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The principle is often defined as having two versions:(i
20、)the strong version that language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories and(ii)the weak version that linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behaviour.【试题解析】 (考查语言相对论)24 【正确答案】 Universal grammar is a t
21、heory in linguistics, usually credited to Noam Chomsky, proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. The theory suggests that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught, and that there are properties that all natural human languages share. It is a matter of
22、 observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages.【试题解析】 (考查普遍语法)25 【正确答案】 Speech act is a technical term in pragmatics, proposed by J. L. Austin, including locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Spe
23、ech acts are commonly taken to include such acts as promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting and congratulating.【试题解析】 (考查言语行为的定义)四、简答题26 【正确答案】 Some major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition include: 1)interference from the mother tongue; 2
24、)interlingual interference within the target language; 3)overgeneralization.(3 points)1)Mother tongue interference: Mother tongue interference is found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and meaning, and can be predicted by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of t
25、he native and target languages. For example, influenced by the mother tongue, Chinese learners of English may say “three apple“ instead of the correct form “three apples“.(4 points)2)Interlingual interference: Interlingual interference, or cross-association, occurs when the learner mixes rules and p
26、atterns of the target language and produces hybrid structures. For example, “ I like read books. “ and “I no have a book“ are all examples of interlingual interference.(4 points)3)Overgeneralization; The use of previously available strategies in new situations, i. e. a particular pattern or rule of
27、the target language is applied in many other linguistic situations. For example, when the learners realize that the addition of “-ed“ to a verb is a rule that changes the present time to the past time, the learners tend to generalize this rule and apply it to all verbs, and consequently they are hea
28、rd producing the incorrect forms such as “goed“ and “corned“.(4 points)【试题解析】 考查导致第二语言习得出现系统性错误的原因。主要原因包括：1、母语干扰；2、目标语的语际语干扰；3、概括过度。1)母语干扰：母语干扰体现在语音、形态、句法、词汇与意义方面，可以通过对本族语与目标语的语法及其他体系加以预测。2)语际语干扰：语际语干扰，或称语言交叉联系，即学习者将目标语的规则与模式混淆，从而造成混杂的结构。3)概括过度：将先前的策略应用于新的环境，即将目标语中一个特定的模式或规则应用于其他许多语言环境中。27 【正确答案】 Ca
29、tegorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. It is a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, and it allows us to relate present experiences to past ones. There are three levels in categories; the basic level
30、, the superordinate level and the subordinate level.(6 points)The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects“ in the world.(3 points)Super
31、ordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.(3 points)At the subordinate level, people perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories. They have clearly identifiable gestalts and lots of individual specific features.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查认知语言学中的范畴化。范畴化是人类基于经验的异同对经验进行分类的过程，是人类认识的产生不可或缺的成分，它使人类能够把现在的经验与过去的经验结合起来。范畴可分为三个层次：基本层次范畴、上位范畴和下属范畴。基本层次范畴是最能体现文化突显性、实现认知需求的范畴；上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员之间没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形；下属层次范畴具有清晰可辨的完形和许多个性特征。
