1、2013 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、填空题1 By _, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.2 The sounddcan be described with“_, alveolar stop/plosive“.3 _is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, per
2、son, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.4 _, the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership.5 _is the ordinary act we perform when we speak, i. e. we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a
3、 certain meaning.二、判断题6 As an interdisciplinary study of language and psychology, psycholinguistics has its roots in structural linguistics on the one hand, and in cognitive psychology on the other hand.（A）True（B） False7 Root refers to the base form of a word that can be further analyzed without los
4、s of identity.（A）True（B） False8 Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study. It is a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.（A）True（B） False9 Speech act theory was first proposed by Bro
5、wn.（A）True（B） False10 Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into same categories based on commonalities and differences. As a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, it allows us to relate present experiences to past ones.（A）True（B） False三、单项选择题11 It is generally
6、agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and _.（A）social（B） psychology（C） cultural（D）pragmatic12 Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of utterances as langue a
7、nd _.（A）grammar（B） lexicon（C） parole（D）syntax13 Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are _.（A）syllable, stress, tone and intonation（B） monosyllabic and polysyllabic（C） stressed and unstressed（D）rhyme, onset, o
8、utset and coda14 The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the_relationship between words in a sentence.（A）pragmatic（B） syntactic（C） phonetic（D）semantic15 Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist_, who is often described as “ father of modern linguistics“.（A）F. de
9、 Saussure（B） Trubetzkoy（C） Malinowski（D）Firth四、简答题16 Tell the organs that are involved in speech production.17 Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.a. voiceless labiodental fricativeb. high back rounded tense vowel18 Give the antonyms of the following words,
10、and point out in which aspect the two of each pair are opposite.a. dark b. boy19 Tell the reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users.20 Define and give an example of embedding.21 Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive propert
11、ies of human language? Why or Why not?22 What is your definition of assimilation? How is it usually classified?23 How do you understand emotive function of language?24 What is resonance model? How is it used to explain text comprehension?25 What is the relation between Systemic Grammar and Functiona
12、l Grammar?2013 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 creativity【试题解析】 (考查语言的创造性)2 【正确答案】 voiced【试题解析】 (考查辅音的发音方法，发音部位和清浊性)3 【正确答案】 Inflection【试题解析】 (考查屈折变化的含义)4 【正确答案】 Hyponymy【试题解析】 (考查语意关系中的上下义关系)5 【正确答案】 The locutionary act【试题解析】 (考查言内行为的含义)二、判断题6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查心理语言学的定义。心理语言学跨越了语言学和心理学两个学科
13、，探究语言和思维之间的关系。心理学有两个研究方向：行为主义和认知心理学。7 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查词根的定义。词根是词的基本形式，不能在完全不破坏其意义的条件下进行进一步分解。8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语料库语言学和语料库定义的差别。语料库指以书面语篇或录音语言的形式描写所收集的语言数据的集合。语料库语言学是指语言研究中使用语料库的原理和实践。9 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查言语行为理论。言语行为理论是由牛津的哲学家约翰兰肖 奥斯汀(John LangshawAustin)提出的。10 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查范畴化。范畴化是基于人类经验的异同将我们的经
14、验划分成不同的类型。三、单项选择题11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查语言学的分支。语言学的分支至少包括音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学。12 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语言和言语的区别。索绪尔将说话者的语言能力和语言的实际现象分为语言和言语。13 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查超音段特征。超音段特征涉及比单个音段更多的东西，主要超音段概念包括音节、重音、声调和语调。14 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查格的范畴。传统的句法学派认为句子是词的序列，因此句法学研究涉及到对词的分类。如名词有数、性、格的范畴，动词有时、体、态的范畴。15 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查现
15、代语言学之父。索绪尔被称为“现代语言学之父”。四、简答题16 【正确答案】 Speech organs, also known as vocal organs, are the parts of human body that are involved in speech production.(1 point)There are five main organs, including the lungs, the trachea(or wind-pipe), the throat, the nose and the mouth.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查发音器官。言语器官又称发音器
16、官，是人体中参与发出语言的部位，主要包括肺、气管、喉、鼻、口等部分。17 【正确答案】 a.f(l point)b.u:(1 point)【试题解析】 考查国际音标。在国际音标(IPA)中，辅音发音的描述包括发音清浊、发音方法、发音部位这三个要素，元音发音则需要考虑以下四个因素：舌抬起的高度(高、中、低) ；舌头最高部分的位置(前、央、后)；元音的紧度或长度(紧一松或长一短)；唇的圆展度(圆唇一展唇)。18 【正确答案】 The antonym of “dark“ is “light“ or “bright“ , depending on the different meanings of t
17、he word “dark“. In both cases it reflects the gradable antonymy, because a degree of neither dark nor light/bright may exist, such as an intermediate degree between two extremes.(1 point)As for“boy“ , its antonym is “girl“. A child is either a “boy“ or a “girl“ , which indicates a complementary anto
18、nymy.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查反义关系。反义关系包括等级反义、互补反义和反向反义。在等级反义关系中，一对反义词在程度上有差别，对一方的否定并不代表对另一方的肯定；在互补反义关系中，一对反义词彼此互补，将一个完整的语义领域完全分开；在反向反义关系中，一对反义词需要涉及两个具有反向关系的概念，这两个概念必须相对存在。本题中需要注意，dark 有两种含义。当 dark 作“深的”(如指颜色)来讲时，反义词是 light“浅的”；作“黑暗的”来讲时，反义词是 bright“明亮的”。这两种情况下表现的都是等级反义关系。boy 的反义词是 girl，表现了互补反义关系。19 【正确答案】
19、 The discrepancy between competence and performance is drawn by Chomsky from the psychological aspect. A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. As for performance, it refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.(1 point)Lang
20、uage users have intuitive grasp of the rules of the language, though they may not be able to state them explicitly. According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine the underlying system of rules shared by language users from their performance data.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查语言能力和语言运用的区别。语言能力是语言使
21、用者关于语言规则系统的基本知识，而语言运用是语言使用者在特定语境中对具体语言的运用。作为普通的语言使用者，我们对语言规则有着本能的把握，但可能无法清楚地将其表达出来。乔姆斯基认为语言学家的任务是通过语言运用的素材来确定语言使用者掌握的语言基础系统。20 【正确答案】 Embedding refers to the occurrence of a sentence within another sentence, and it refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence(main clause)in sy
22、ntactic subordination(1 point). For example; I have a friend who has a cat.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查嵌入的含义。嵌入是指一个句子包含在另一个句子之中的语法现象，是指将小句包含到句子里使其在句法上处于从属地位的一种方式，例如定语从句。21 【正确答案】 Human language, body language and facial expression all serve to convey information. The latter two lack duality, displacement and
23、creativity and so on.(2 points)However, they also share some common distinctive properties. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit.(2 points)For instance, nod means “OK/YES“ for us, but in Arabian world, it is equal to say “NO“.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查人类语言与肢体语言和面部表情的异同。人类语言与肢体语言和面部表情的关键区别在于肢体语言
24、和面部表情缺少二重性、移位性和创造性等特征。它们之间也有着相同特征。例如，人类语言具有任意性，一些肢体语言也具有任意性。22 【正确答案】 Assimilation refers to the process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.(2 points)There are two possibilities of assimilation(1 point);If a following sound is influencing a preceding s
25、ound, it is a regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as a progressive assimilation.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查同化的定义和分类。同化指一个音具有了邻近语音的一部分或者全部特征的过程。同化有两种可能，如果后面的音影响到前面的音，则称为“逆同化”；如果前面的音影响了后面的音，则称为“顺同化”。23 【正确答案】 The emotive function
26、 of language is one of the most powerful uses of language. It is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.(2 points)The emotive function can be entirely personal and totally without any implication of communication to others.(2 points)Swear words, o
27、bscenities and exclamations are all examples of emotional function.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查语言的感情功能。语言的感情功能是语言的功能之一，用于改变听者的感情，使其赞成或反对某人或某物。感情功能能够完全个人化而不需要加入任何与他人的交流。语言感情功能的具体表现有誓言、不雅言辞和一些常用感叹词等。24 【正确答案】 The resonance model is a model about text comprehension.(1 point)In this model, information in long-ter
28、m memory is automatically activated by the presence of material that apparently bears a rough semantic relation to it.(2 points)A resonance process serves as the first stage in processing a text, and it emphasizes a more active and intelligent search for meaning as the basis by which a reader discov
29、ers the conceptual structure of a discourse.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查共振模型。共振模型是文章阅读理解中的一种假设，指长期记忆中的信息可被与其具有大概相似性的信息激活。启动共振模型是进行阅读理解的第一步，共振模型强调了对文章概念结构的积极理解。25 【正确答案】 Systemic Functional Grammar, proposed by Halliday, is a social oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential lingu
30、istic theories in the twentieth century. It consists of two inseparable components; Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar.(2 points)Systemic Grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. And this network consists of subsystems from which lang
31、uage users make choices. Functional Grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve.(2 points)Systemic Grammar contains functional component, and the theory behind Functional Grammar is systemic.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查系统语法和功能语法的关系。Halliday 的系统功能语法是一种具有社会学倾向的功能语言学方法，是二十世纪最具影响力的语言学理论之一。系统功能语法包含两部分：系统语法和功能语法。二者之间有一定的内在联系：系统语法中包含有功能的成分，功能语法理论具有系统性。
