1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 117 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Even plants can run a fever, especially when they are under attack by insects or disease. But (1)_ humans, plants can have their t
2、emperature (2)_ from 3,000 feet awaystraight up. A decade ago, (3)_ the infrared scanning technology developed for military purpose and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley (4)_ a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine (5)_ ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmer (6)_
3、 target pesticide spraying (7)_ rain poison on a whole field, which (8)_ include plants that dont have the pest problem.Even better, Paleys Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problem before they became (9)_ to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 fee (10)_, an infrared scanner
4、measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were (11)_ into a color-coded map showing (12)_ plants were running “fevers“. Farmers could then spot spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they (13)_ would.The bad news is that Paleys company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farme
5、rs (14)_ the new technology and long-term backers were hard (15)_. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to (16)_ into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt about the technology works. “This technique can be used (17)_ 75 p
6、ercent of agricultural land in the United States“, says George Oerther of Texas AM. Ray Jackson, who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks (18)_ infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But (19)_ Paley finds the financial backing (20)_ he failed to obta
7、in 10 years ago.（A）as（B） with（C） like（D）unlike（A）taken（B） take（C） took（D）taking（A）adopted（B） adopting（C） adapted（D）adapting（A）put up with（B） came up to（C） came up with（D）stood up to（A）whose（B） which（C） what（D）where（A）precisely（B） extraordinarily（C） exceedingly（D）extremely（A）more than（B） less than（C）
8、 rather than（D）other than（A）dominantly（B） deliberately（C） accidentally（D）invariably（A）seeming（B） clear（C） apparent（D）visible（A）at night（B） for the night（C） in night（D）over night（A）transmitted（B） transferred（C） transformed（D）transported（A）how（B） where（C） what（D）when（A）otherwise（B） still（C） thus（D）the
9、refore（A）persisted in（B） resisted（C） insisted on（D）assisted（A）to find out（B） to be found（C） to find（D）to be found on（A）get off（B） get out（C） get away（D）get back（A）of（B） in（C） for（D）on（A）remote（B） lonely（C） removed（D）desolate（A）even if（B） if only（C） only if（D）though（A）where（B） which（C） how（D）whenGram
10、mar21 Its already five oclock now. Dont you think its about time_ ?（A）we are going home（B） we go home（C） we went home（D）we can go home22 _born in Chicago, the author is most famous for stories about New York City.（A）Although（B） Since（C） As（D）When23 He never hesitates to make such criticism_is consid
11、ered helpful to others.（A）that（B） what（C） which（D）as24 I did not accept any of the many offerings, because I found_satisfactory.（A）neither of them（B） either of them（C） none of them（D）all of them not25 He set the engine of the car_.（A）going（B） go（C） to going（D）on going26 The patients progress was ver
12、y encouraging as he could_get out of bed without help.（A）nearly（B） hardly（C） merely（D）barely27 For some time now, world leaders_out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.（A）had been pointing（B） have been pointing（C） were pointing（D）pointed28 _ all our kindness to help her, Sara refused to li
13、sten.（A）At（B） In（C） For（D）On29 It seems oil_from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.（A）had leaked（B） is leaking（C） leaked（D）has been leaking30 A severe weather alert is now in effect for_southern Ohio and Indiana.（A）whole（B） the whole（C） all of（D）the allPart
14、 ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)31 Internet advertising is booming. The industry has gone from $9.6 billion in revenue in 2001 to $27 billion this year, according to Piper Jaffray, an investment bank. And it is st
15、ill early days. The internet accounts for only 5% of total spending on advertising, but that figure is expected to reach at least 20% in the next few years. The single largest category within this flourishing industry, accounting for nearly half of all spending, is “pay-per-click“ advertising, which
16、 is used by firms both large and small to promote their wares.The benefits of the pay-per-click approach over traditional advertising (television, radio, print and billboards) are obvious. Since advertisers pay only to reach the small subset who actually respond to an advertisement, the quality of t
17、he leads generated is very high, and advertisers are prepared to pay accordingly. The price: per click varies from $0.10 to as much as $30, depending on the keyword, though the average is around $0.50. Google made most of its $6.1 billion in revenue last year from pay-per-click advertising.But as pa
18、y-per-click advertising has grown into a huge industry, concern has mounted over so-called “click fraud“bogus clicks that do not come from genuinely interested customers. It takes two main forms. If you click repeatedly on the advertisements on your own website, or get other people or machines to do
19、 so on your behalf, you can generate a stream of bogus commissions. Click fraud can also be used by one company against another: clicking on a rival firms advertisements can saddle it with a huge bill. Bogus clicks are thought to account for around 10% of all click traffic, though nobody knows for s
20、ure.A few months ago Mr. Gross pioneered an alternative to the pay-per-click model. In February, Snap, a search engine backed by Mr. Gross, launched “pay-per-action“ (PPA), a new model in which advertisers pay only if a click on an ad is followed by an action such as a purchase or a download.Might t
21、his put an end to click fraud? Dont bet on it, says Mike Zeman at Starcom, an advertising agency. Payper-action will be a niche, he predicts, since converting a click into an action depends on a variety of factors such as the ease of use of the advertisers website. Google and its peers will be reluc
22、tant to be so dependent on factors outside their control. But Mr. Tobaccowala thinks pay-per-action could become a real alternative to pay-per-click. As bigger companies spend more on internet advertising; they will demand more accountability and a wider range of options, he says. At the very least,
23、 that means clamping down on click fraud; but it also presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to invent new models that are less vulnerable to abuse.31 The situation of “pay-per-click“ advertising can be described as _.（A）a fresh industry.（B） an efficient tool to attract the consumers.（C） the tren
24、d of internet advertising.（D）the good choice for both large and small companies.32 The price per click depends on the keyword, because _.（A）the keyword will attract consumers to visit the advertisers website.（B） the keyword relates to the commission.（C） the keyword will reflect the consumers hobbies
25、.（D）the keyword is the main part of the product.33 The advertisers and the website operators have the conflict caused by _.（A）the fraud click.（B） the ignoring of fraud-detection from website operators.（C） losing money in “pay-per-click“ advertising.（D）whether the PPA model should be used.34 The PPA
26、will become more popular due to _.（A）the shortcoming of pay-per-click.（B） the fraud click.（C） the punishment for click fraud.（D）the adoption of leading operators.35 Which of the following is true of the text?（A）Although the risk exists, the internet advertising still can earn a lot of profit,（B） The
27、 PPA will substitute the original click advertising model.（C） All operators start to satisfy the advertisers by using PPA.（D）The entrepreneurs are pleasantly surprised by the temporary solution.35 Adam Smith, free-market partisan: this image dominates, even in market-weary times. Politicians invoke
28、him as a near-deity. Think tanks use his name as a synonym for free-market policies. So dogmatic is he imagined to be in his famous book “The Wealth of Nations“ that the writer-activist Riane Eisler wrote a corrective titled “The Real Wealth of Nations; Creating a Caring Economics. “The implication
29、that his economics was uncaring might have disturbed Adam Smith, for he was hardly the man that many now think him to be. While he believed that markets could channel self-interest into efficient aggregate outcomes, he argued that this was no excuse for selfishness: “When the happiness or misery of
30、others depends in any respect upon our conduct, we dare not, as self-love might suggest to us, prefer the interest of one to that of man-y. “ That quotation is not from “The Wealth of Nations,“ Smiths best-known work, but from “The Theory of Moral Sentiments,“ his lesser-known opus. It offers a remi
31、nder that Smith was a subtle, complex thinker whose ideas about markets and those who use them would embarrass many of his present-day devotees.Smith is often treated like the philosopher of the Goldman Sachs bonus, as the defender of an anything-goes capitalism. But in “Moral Sentiments“ he sharply
32、 criticizes the idea that self-interest is enough. A healthy society, Smith believed, requires trust, so that bankers lend. It requires sympathy: the books first words praise the feelings in every person that “interest him in the fortune of others. “ It requires prudence; simplicity, honesty, thrift
33、, the deferral of gratification, industry, a refusal to risk fortune and tranquillity “in quest of new enterprises and adventures. “ And it requires regulation, transparency and other mechanisms of fair play. In Smiths vision, greed is socially beneficial only when properly harnessed and channeled.B
34、ut “Moral Sentiments“ does more than just balance our understanding of Smith. It is also a thorough analysis of money and the human character. If “The Wealth of Nations“ was Smith the economist describing the workings of the market, “Moral Sentiments“ is Smith the social psychologist describing how
35、humans actually employ that market. “To what purpose is all the toil and bustle of this world?“ Smith asks. We ever insist on “bettering our condition,“ he writes, not out of necessity, not to feed or clothe ourselves, but for vanity: “To be observed, to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sy
36、mpathy. “ His words seem strangely relevant to this age of elusive dinner reservations and fractional jet ownership.Smith saw, as well, how the powerful are encouraged in their vanity by the rest of us: how we puff them up, hang on their deeds, pay more attention to them than to the unfortunate, and
37、 gradually make them sense that they can get away with anything. The ambitious man, Smith writes, comes to believe “that the brilliancy of his future conduct will entirely cover, or efface, the foulness of the steps by which he arrived at that elevation. “ It is this sense of impunity that worried S
38、mith about the wealth pursuit. 508 words36 Riane Eislers work is mentioned in paragraph 1 to_.（A）exemplify the doubts about free-market economics（B） reveal the less-known image of Adam Smith（C） demonstrate the stereotype about Adam Smith（D）introduce the real nature of economics37 “The Theory of Mora
39、l Sentiments“ would embarrass those who believe that_.（A）market is merciless in nature（B） greed can be socially beneficial（C） they can benefit from the fortune of others（D）market requires regulation38 The title the author probably agrees to grant Smith is_.（A）a subtle, complex thinker（B） uncaring ec
40、onomist（C） philosopher of the Goldman Sachs bonus（D）defender of an anything goes-capitalism39 It can be said that “The Wealth of Nations“ and “Moral Sentiments“ are_.（A）complementary（B） contradictory（C） similar（D）identical40 According to this passage , the most destructive factor to a market is_.（A）
41、human greed（B） mans lust for power（C） the sense of impunity（D）the lack of regulation41 Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuit expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occu
42、rring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a
43、fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nations farmers the visible sign of a vast consp
44、iracy against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a “new factory system“ in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber(中间商), the whole
45、saler, and the mass retailer(零售商). These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the
46、sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted
47、 within a single building. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1888 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned (迅速成长), as did the size of average plant. (The Baldwin Work
48、s had 600 employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900.) By 1920, at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nations manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with
49、 more than 100 employees.41 What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?_（A）New technological developments had little effect on farmers（B） The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined（C） Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war（D）Farmers achieved new, prosperity because of better
