1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 192 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 According to certain beer commercials, the contemporary version of success 【B1】 _ in moving up to a premium brand that costs a dim
2、e or so more per bottle. Credit-card companies would have you 【B2】_ success inheres in owning their particular piece of plastic.【B3 】_ the flag of success, modern-style, liberal arts colleges are withering 【B4】 _ business schools are burgeoning, and yet even business schools are having an increasing
3、ly hard time 【B5】_ faculty members, because teaching isnt 【B6】 _ “successful“ enough. Amid a broad consensus 【B7】_ there is a glut of lawyers and an epidemic of strangling litigation, record numbers of young people continue to flock to law school 【B8】_ , for the individual practitioner, a law degree
4、 is still considered a safe ticket.Many, by external 【B9】_ , will be “successes“. Yet there is a deadening and dangerous flaw in their philosophy: It has little room, little sympathy and less respect for the noble failure, for the person who 【B10】_ past the limits, who 【B11 】_ gloriously high and fa
5、lls unashamedly 【B12】_That sort of ambition doesnt have much place in a world 【B13】_ success is proved by worldly reward 【B14】_ by accomplishment itself. That sort of ambition is increasingly thought of as the domain of irredeemable eccentrics, 【B15 】_ people who havent quite caught onand there is g
6、reat social pressure not to be one of them.The irony is that todays success-chasers seem obsessed with the idea of not settling. Yet in doggedly 【B16】_ the rather brittle species of success now in fashion, they are 【B17】_ themselves to a chokingly narrow swath of turf along the entire 【B18 】_ of hum
7、an possibilities. Does it ever 【B19】_ to them that, frequently, success is what people settle for 【B20】_ they cant think of something noble enough to be worth failing at? 1 【B1 】（A）consists（B） composes（C） constitutes（D）makes up2 【B2 】（A）believe（B） believed（C） believing（D）to believe3 【B3 】（A）With（B）
8、Under（C） Below（D）Behind4 【B4 】（A）while（B） however（C） but（D）nevertheless5 【B5 】（A）evaluating（B） finding（C） ensuring（D）admitting6 【B6 】（A）acknowledged（B） considered（C） regarded（D）recognized7 【B7 】（A）which（B） what（C） that（D）where8 【B8 】（A）because（B） though（C） if（D）whether9 【B9 】（A）levels（B） criteria（C）
9、 standards（D）rule 10 【B10 】（A）ventures（B） surpasses（C） attempts（D）risks 11 【B11 】（A）reaches（B） aims（C） ascends（D）directs 12 【B12 】（A）short（B） apart（C） behind（D）through 13 【B13 】（A）whose（B） where（C） which（D）that14 【B14 】（A）other than（B） more than（C） rather than（D）less than15 【B15 】（A）with（B） for（C） t
10、o（D）of16 【B16 】（A）hunting（B） pursuing（C） seeking（D）following17 【B17 】（A）restricting（B） restraining（C） bounding（D）enclosing18 【B18 】（A）range（B） extent（C） scope（D）domain19 【B19 】（A）happen（B） occur（C） come（D）approach20 【B20 】（A）when（B） as（C） since（D）becausePart ADirections: Read the following four text
11、s. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 For many years, smokers have been admonished to take the initiative and quit: chew nicotine gum, use a nicotine patch, take a prescription medication that can help, call a help line, just say no. But a new study finds th
12、at stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means smoking cessation programs should work best if they focus on groups rather than individuals. It also means that people may help many more than just themselves by quitting: quitting can have a r
13、ipple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit.The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, followed thousands of smokers and nonsmokers for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003, studying them as part of a
14、large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends.It was a time when the percentage of adult smokers in the United States fell to 21 percent from 45 percent. As the investigators watched the smokers and their social networks, they saw what they said was a striking eff
15、ectsmokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were stopping en masse. So were clusters of clusters that were only loosely connected. Dr. Christakis described watching the vanishing clusters as like lying on your back in a field, looking up at star
16、s that were burning out. “Its not like one little star turning off at a time,“ he said. “Whole constellations are blinking off at once.“As cluster after cluster of smokers disappeared, those that remained were pushed to the margins of society, isolated, with fewer friends, fewer social connections.
17、“Smokers used to be the center of the party,“ Dr. Fowler said, “but now theyve become wallflowers.“ “Weve known smoking was bad for your physical health,“ he said. “But this shows it also is bad for your social health. Smokers are likely to drive friends away.“There is an essential public health mes
18、sage,“ said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging, which financed the study. “Obviously, people have to take responsibility for their behavior,“ Mr. Suzman said. But a social environment, he added, “can just overpower free will.“
19、With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven Schroeder of the University of California, San Francisco, pointed out in an editorial accompanying the paper, “a risk of the marginalization of smoking is that it further isolates the group of peop
20、le with the highest rate of smokingpersons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both.“21 Which of the following statements is true according to the opening paragraph?（A）Smokers have been prevented from quitting smoking for many years.（B） It is rare that smokers decide to quit.（C） I
21、t is preferable to abstain from smoking in groups.（D）Nonsmoker could be affected because of the ripple effects.22 The word “en masse“ (paragraph 3) most probably means（A）in the end.（B） all together.（C） at large.（D）respectively.23 By saying “but now theyve become wallflowers“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4), D
22、r. Fowler aims at showing that（A）those who are isolated by clusters tend to quit smoking.（B） those who keep smoking are now loosely connected to their previous groups.（C） those ongoing smokers tend to drive their friend away in parties.（D）smoking in clusters are bad for the health of individuals and
23、 society alike.24 What can we conclude from the last paragraph?（A）Smokers neglecting social environment are self-centered.（B） Social responsibility is widely-acknowledged.（C） It is wrong-headed to go on smoking.（D）Social influence on smoking is double-edged.25 Which of the following would be the bes
24、t title for the text?（A）Big Social Factor in Quitting Smoking（B） How to Quit Smoking Effectively（C） Ripple Effect within Social Networks（D）Marginalization of Smoking Is Dangerous25 There are always good reasons for people to care about the welfare of animals. Ever since the Enlightenment, their trea
25、tment has been seen as a measure of mankinds humanity. It is no coincidence that William Wilberforce and Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton, two leaders of the movement to abolish the slave trade, helped found the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the 1820s. An increasing number of pe
26、ople go further: mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals that have the capacity to suffer. Both views have led people gradually to extend treatment once reserved for mankind to other species.But when everyday lives are measured against such principles, they are fraught with contradictions. T
27、hose who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and eggs from ghastly factory farms. The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places safely hidden from the meat-eaters gaze and the childs story book. Plenty of people who denounce the fur-trade (much of which is from farmed
28、animals) quite happily wear leather (also from farmed animals).Perhaps the inconsistency is understandable. After hundreds of years of thinking about it, people cannot agree on a system of rights for each other, so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included. The trouble is th
29、at confusion and contradiction open the way to the extremist. And because scientific research is remote from most peoples lives, it is particularly vulnerable to their campaigns.In fact, science should be the last target, wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare. For one thing, there is ra
30、rely an alternative to using animals in research. If there were, scientists would grasp it, because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations. Animal research is also for a higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit. The world needs new medicines and surgical procedures ju
31、st as it needs the unknowable fruits of pure research.And science is, by and large, kind to its animals. The couple of million (mainly rats and mice) that die in Britains laboratories are much better looked-after and far more humanely killed than the billion or so (mainly chickens) on Britains farms
32、. In fact, if Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows, you can be quite sure animal welfare in Britain has just taken a step backwards.26 The aim of the first paragraph is（A）putting forward sound reason to care about the welfare of animals.（B） emphasizing the glory of
33、 the Enlightenment.（C） Introducing the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.（D）providing background knowledge for the discussion to be expanded.27 The inconsistency in our routine lives is defined by enumerating（A）the deeds conducted by Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton.（B） the understandi
34、ng of the ancient times concerning a system of rights.（C） the people who condemn the fur-trade but merrily wear leather.（D）the comprehension of the way to the extremist.28 We can infer from the third paragraph that（A）the publics ignorance of scientific research results in attacks on science.（B） a me
35、asure of mankinds humanity is taken into account.（C） confusion and contradiction result from vulnerable campaigns.（D）the debate is bound to aggravate in the next decade.29 With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?（A）Even if they deplore the activitists use of intim
36、idation and violence, animal lovers everywhere can sure rejoice today.（B） Science shouldnt be the target of protests, whatever you think of animal rights.（C） Over the years something good has come from the campaign against the animal industry.（D）It is a sensible move that Darley Oaks makes up its lo
37、ss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows.30 In the text, a comparison is made so as to（A）abolish the animals trade.（B） elaborate a higher purpose of animal research.（C） warn that human beings have a duty not to cause pain to animals.（D）assert that science is, by and large, kind to its animals.30
38、 Marketers like to work on the demand sidetake whats in demand, make it cheaper, run a lot of ads, make a profit. If you can increase demand for what you have already made, a lot of problems will take care of themselves. Its the promise made by the typical marketing organization: Give us money, and
39、well increase demand.Theres an overlooked alternative. If you can offer a scarce and coveted good or service that others cant, you win. What is both scarce and in demand? Things that are difficult: difficult to conceive, to convey, and to make. Sometimes difficult even, at first, to sellmaybe an unp
40、opular idea or a product thats ahead of its time. In fact, just about the only thing that is not available in unlimited supply in an ever more efficient, connected world is the product of difficult work.Its no longer particularly difficult to run a complex factory. There are people across the globe
41、able to do it more cheaply than you. Commoditization doesnt apply only to making and selling cheap goods. Almost everything they teach in business school is easy to do. Its easy to do the options pricing model. Providing audit services isnt difficult. Neither is running a high-traffic website. Amazo
42、n will do it for you for pennies on the dollar.With a lack of difficulty comes more choice, more variation, and, yes, lower prices. And so consumers of every stripe are jaded. This puts huge pressure on organizations, because the race to the bottom demands that they either do all this easy work fast
43、er or do it cheaper than they did it yesterday. And theres not a lot of room to do either one. The only refuge from the race to the bottom? Difficult work. Your only alternative is to create something scarce, something valuable, something that people will pay more for.Whats difficult? Creating beaut
44、y is difficult, whether its the tangible beauty of a brilliant innovation or the intangible essence of exceptional leadership. Beauty exists in an elegant and novel approach to a problem. Maybe its captured in a simple device that works intuitively, reliably, and efficiently or in an effective solut
45、iona “beautiful“ solutionto an organizational dysfunction. And it exists in the act of connecting with and leading people.Leading changes is difficult. Its difficult to find, hire, and retain people who are eager and able to change the status quo. Its difficult to stick with a project that everyone
46、seems to dislike. Its difficult to motivate a team of people who have been lied to or had their spirits dashed.People who can do difficult work will always be in demand. And yet our default is to do the easy work, busywork, and work that only requires activity, not real effort or guts. Thats true of
47、 individuals, and also true of companies. Thats because we regard our role as cranking out average stuff for average people, pushing down price, and, at best, marginally improving value. That used to be the way to grow an organization.No longer. The world will belong to those who can create somethin
48、g scarce, not something cheap. The race to the top has just begun.31 In the text, difficult things are characterized by（A）meeting overlooked demands.（B） requiring big investments.（C） having scarce replacements.（D）challenging public tastes.32 What can we infer from paragraph 3 and 4 ?（A）The lack of d
49、ifficulty increases producers competitive strength.（B） Commoditization reduces producers difficulty in management.（C） Globalization has led to the race to the bottom.（D）Consumers hardly benefit from the competition among produces.33 According to the text, which of the following can be seen as difficult work?（A）Inventing iPhone.（B） Persisting with ideas out of time.（C） Hosting an auction for antiques.（D）Cutting staff to resist economic cr
