1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 27 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are a-ble to 1 , to think in abstract te
2、rms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, 2 world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it 3 to human behavior we infer meaning and 4 to make the behavior understandable. What all this means is that people develop “quasi theories“ of human behavior, that is, theories th
3、at are not developed in an objective, scientific 5 When doing so, people believe they know 6 humans do the things they do.Lets consider an example. In the United States people have been 7 with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be 8 B
4、ut what also bothers us is that people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen? We develop quasi theories. We 9 concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we 10 it; our criminal justice system is 11 ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values 12 from the in
5、fluence of liberal ideas; too many people are 13 drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. 14 the courts; put more people in jail as 15 to other law breakers. There is hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we 16 these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless no
6、r 17 so threatening.These quasi theories 18 serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they? How 19 will the suggested solutions be? These questions must be answered 20 how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.（A）understand（B） reas
7、on（C） meditate（D）reckon（A）unanimous（B） unimaginable（C） disorganized（D）unpredictable（A）comes（B） gets（C） goes（D）amounts（A）initiatives（B） illustration（C） conclusions（D）motives（A）means（B） medium（C） manner（D）approach（A）whether（B） how（C） when（D）why（A）concerned（B） worried（C） disturbed（D）involved（A）preys（B）
8、 victims（C） casualties（D）sacrifices（A）retain（B） maintain（C） remain（D）refrain（A）know（B） understand（C） comprehend（D）grasp（A）deficient（B） precautious（C） destructive（D）inadequate（A）weaken（B） shrink（C） circumscribe（D）evade（A）with（B） against（C） for（D）on（A）Strengthen（B） Stiffen（C） Intensify（D）Consolidate（A
9、）examples（B） models（C） cases（D）samples（A）see to（B） work out（C） act on（D）come up with（A）quite（B） rather（C） very（D）much（A）moreover（B） otherwise（C） nevertheless（D）therefore（A）effective（B） efficient（C） proficient（D）sufficient（A）with respect to（B） as a result of（C） on behalf of（D）in line withPart ADirect
10、ions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 This weekend marks 25 years since the publication of the U. S. Department of Educations explosive report A Nation at Risk. Its powerful indictment of American education launched the larg
11、est education-reform movement in the nations history, paving the way for strategies as different as charter schools and the federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act. But even after a vast political and financial investment spanning two and a half decades, we re far from achieving the report s ambitio
12、us aims.Weve learned a lot about school reform in 25 years, lessons that suggest that it is possible, eventually , to achieve A Nation at Risks ambitious aims. Weve learned that a lot of public schools require incentives to lift their sights for their students. The nations long tradition of letting
13、local school boards set standards isnt going to get us where we need to go educationally. If anything, NCLBs requirement of statewide standards needs to be taken to its logical conclusionrigorous national standards. Make them voluntary. Give states and school systems different ways of measuring thei
14、r progress against the standards by sanctioning a number of different national examination boards. And reward educators for meeting the new standards (NCLB only punishes schools for not meeting state standards, which encourages states to keep standards low because they dont want a lot of their schoo
15、ls labeled as failures).But improvement cant merely be imposed on schools from the outside. Schools are complex social enterprises; their success depends on thousands of daily personal interactions. They are, in the end, only as good as the people in them and the culture in which those people work.
16、So its crucial to get everyone in a school community invested in a schools mission. Ownership is key. That comes from giving schools autonomyin staffing, budgeting and instruction. From giving families a chance to choose their public schools. And from school leadership that promotes a strong sense o
17、f school identity and clear expectations of success. Reform has to come from the inside-out as well as the outside-in. Theres a human side of school reform that we ignore at our peril.But if achieving A Nation at Risks vision is becoming increasingly difficult, the alternative is really no alternati
18、ve. The American economy hasnt collapsed in the absence of public-school reform because its success is driven mainly by the small segment of the workforce that is highly educated. But the plight of the middle class that the reform reports of the 1980s warned about has worsened as the wage gap betwee
19、n high-school graduates and the college-educated has widened, creating an increasingly two-tiered societyand an ever-greater need to arm every American with the high-quality education that A Nation at Risk envisioned.21 The U.S. Department of Educations report_（A）restated the long-term goals for Ame
20、rican education（B） was released and made into the much acclaimed NCLB Act（C） directed its criticism at the educational system（D）accused American education of wasting federal funding22 One of the reform measures of NCLB is to _.（A）entitle states to set their own education standards（B） entitle the Dep
21、artment of Education to set national standards（C） make statewide standards voluntary rather than compulsory（D）allow local school boards to set standards to suit student needs23 NCLB might fail its ambitious goals if_.（A）states were allowed to set standards for their students（B） too strong a case wer
22、e made for formulating national standards（C） national examination boards were sanctioned to measure school progress（D）the standards set by states were too low to ensure progress24 The third paragraph suggests that _.（A）it is important for every parent to make financial investment in schools（B） givin
23、g school enough autonomy can help to realize NCLBs goals（C） stronger leadership in the local school boards is vital to the reform（D）NCLBs goals are too ambitious for public schools to realize25 The author suggests that the aims of the education reform_.（A）should and can be realized（B） are too ambiti
24、ous for public schools（C） have actually widened the gap between schools（D）cannot provide the much desired high-quality education25 There has been much hand-wringing over the dangers of medical residents grueling schedules. Doctors-in-training often forgo sleep entirely, racking up as many as 30 work
25、 hours in a single stretch. The term resident is in fact no accident, says Dr. Teryl Nuckols, an internist and assistant professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, who says that when she was in training 10 years ago, 36-hour shifts without rest were common. “Residents used to live in
26、the hospital,“ Nuckols says.The issue is whether their presence, dizzy with exhaustion, on the hospital floor is a help or a hazard. An oft cited 2004 study of intensive-care units found that medical residents made 36% more serious mistakes during 30-hour shifts than during shifts half as long. So t
27、he simple solution to ensuring patient safety and resident sanitywould appear to be reducing the length of their shifts, a plan endorsed by a lengthy Institute of Medicine (IOM) report in December 2008 that assessed the impact of resident fatigue and proposed a new set of guidelines restricting shif
28、ts to 16 continuous hours if no rest is granted , mandatory uninterrupted five-hour naps for longer work sessions, lighter workloads and more oversight from experienced physicians. The current standards set in 2003 mandate 80-hour average work-weeks, with no shift to exceed 30 hours.But many in the
29、medical community, including residents themselves, worry that shorter shifts could come at the expense of educational opportunities and possibly even patient safety. And implementing the changes wouldnt be cheap, potentially costing teaching hospitals $1.6 billion a year, according to a study co-aut
30、hored by Nuckols.Instituting the measures could be a boon for society, however, potentially reducing the overall price of errorse.g. , subsequent hospital visits, extra posttreatment care and lost wagesto almost negligible levels, but only if the new policies can decrease the rate of preventable err
31、ors at least 11.3% , according to the study. “ Medical errors are expensive, and most of the costs of medical errors actually affect people after they leave the hospital,“ says Nuckols, who is also a health-services researcher for the Rand Corp. , the nonprofit health-research group that sponsored t
32、he study. “ If the recommendations do succeed at reducing medical errors, there could be some cost offsets. “There is no guarantee, however, that limiting residents shifts is the key to patient safety. Dr. Kenneth Polonsky, who co-wrote an editorial accompanying Nuckols study in the New England Jour
33、nal, says that while some studies show a correlation between fatigue and mistakes, not all reach the same conclusion. Whats more, Nuckols says, studies aimed at determining the cause of a mistake are inherently complicated: they require highly skilled researchers to pinpoint exactly what went wrong
34、and when, and many rely on self-reporting from residents who, for obvious reasons, would sooner attribute a mistake to exhaustion than to other factors. 26 Why are doctors-in-training called medical residents according to Dr. Nuckols?（A）Because they are trained in their own residence.（B） Because the
35、y are internists who have to work on shift.（C） Because they work overtime and often sleep in the hospital.（D）Because they have to work longer hours during training.27 The IOM report proposed that_.（A）only experienced physicians should work longer hours（B） the length of residents work shifts should b
36、e reduced（C） the current 80-hour workweeks should be cut to 30 hours（D）doctors dizzy with fatigue should stop working at once28 Implementing the IOM guidelines can be boon if_.（A）it does not reduce the residents educational opportunities（B） it brings benefits to both the doctors and the patients（C）
37、it has the effect of reducing the rate of medical errors（D）medical errors are made less expensive than they are now29 Dr. Nuckols response to the assertion that fatigue is the main cause of medical errors would be that_.（A）it is a justified assertion（B） it is not a reasonable assessment（C） it is hig
38、hly unlikely（D）it is not necessarily true30 The text is written to answer the question_.（A）Are medical residents working too hard?（B） What can doctors do to avoid making mistakes?（C） What are the causes of most medical errors?（D）Are most medical errors preventable?30 Many states have gone on prison-
39、building sprees, yet the penal system is choked to bursting. To ease the pressure, nearly all convicted felons are released earlyor not locked up at all. “About three of every four convicted criminals,“ says John Dilulio, a noted Princeton criminologist, “ are on the streets without meaningful proba
40、tion or parole supervision. “ And while everyone knows that amateur thugs should be deterred before they become career criminals, it is almost unheard of for judges to send first or second-time offenders to prison.Meanwhile, the price of keeping criminals in cages is appallinga common estimate is $
41、30,000 per inmate per year. (To be sure, the cost to society of turning many inmates loose would be even higher.) For tens of thousands of convicts, prison is a graduate school of criminal studies; They emerge more ruthless and savvy than when they entered. And for many offenders, there is even a ce
42、rtain cachet to doing timea stint in prison becomes a sign of manhood, a status symbol.But there would be no cachet in chaining a criminal to an outdoor post and flogging him. If young punks were horsewhipped in public after their first conviction, fewer of them would harden into lifelong felons. A
43、humiliating and painful paddling can be applied to the rear end of a crook for a lot less than $30, 000and prove a lot more educational than 10 years worth of prison meals and lockdowns.Are we quite certain the Puritans have nothing to teach us about dealing with criminals?Of course, their crimes ar
44、e not our crimes: we do not arrest blasphemers or adulterers. and only gun control fanatics would criminalize the sale of weapons to Indians. (They would criminalize the sale of weapons to anybody.) Nor would the ordeal suffered by poor Joseph Gatchellthe tongue “ pierce through“ with a hot pokerbe
45、regarded today as anything less than torture.But what is the objection to corporal punishment that doesnt maim or mutilate? Instead of a prison term, why not sentence at least some criminalssay, thieves and drunk driversto a public whipping?“Too degrading,“ some will say. “Too brutal. “ But where is
46、 it written that being whipped is more degrading than being caged? Why is it more brutal to flog a wrongdoer than to throw him in prison where the risk of being beaten, raped, or murdered is terrifyingly high?The Boston Globe reported in 1994 that more than 200,000 prison inmates are raped each year
47、, u-sually to the indifference of the guards. “The horrors experienced by many young inmates, particularly those who are convicted of nonviolent offenses,“ former Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun has written, “border on the unimaginable“. Are those horrors preferable to the short, sharp shame of
48、 corporal punishment?Perhaps the Puritans were more enlightened than we think, at least on the subject of punishment. Their sanctions were humiliating and painful, but quick and cheap. Maybe we should readopt a few.31 From the first sentence we know that_.（A）many states do not have enough prisons fo
49、r offenders（B） building more prisons does not reduce street crimes（C） the legal system is not strict enough to be effective（D）probation and parole without supervision are meaningless32 The author suggests in the second paragraph that when a prisoner finishes his term, he_.（A）will usually develop a sense of decency（B） will repay the society with newly acquired skills（C） will become as educated as college graduates（D）will emerge as a more hardened criminal33 A “cachet“ is_.（A）a sense
