1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 27 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept
2、 has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed.【F1】The underlying assumption in “technology transfer“ is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results
3、which are applicable to underdeveloped countries. Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its
4、 possible utility elsewhere.【F2 】The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management. It is my contention that “technology transfer“ as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is
5、irreparably flawed and cannot succeed.【F3】The fundamental flaw is that “technology transfer“ is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries. Whether the development process is
6、carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which “technology transfer“ is based, beginning with training and ending with application, is composed of a set of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of
7、science, which select the questions found to be meaningful, dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained.Clearly, technology based on the set of determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocultural condit
8、ions of developing countries. It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries, perhaps even serving to slow progress.【F4】This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called “basic knowledge transfer“ as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing count
9、ries. This approach contains the following features:Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science, that is, at the region of high intensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge, the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from ba
10、sic to applied. Scientists in the developing countries, in active dialogue with other elements such as government, community and industry, can identify and prioritize problems and develop a practical situation.【F5 】The problem of internal “technology transfer“ will require for each country or region
11、 a suitable number of trained scientific specialists; means for maintaining the competency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 【F1】When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, t
12、rying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire popula
13、tion of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.【F2】The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so t
14、hat, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the dis
15、ease s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.【F3 】This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained
16、 to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however.【F4 】On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patients death
17、.【F5】Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10, 000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine its
18、elf and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3, 000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the ev
19、ent of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 【F1】The evolution of intelligence among early
20、large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement
21、 in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.【F2】The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attentionthat aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from o
22、ne moment to the next. It ranges from a passive free floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation, the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the m
23、ore vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased.【F3】The organism is more awake more vigilant, this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention
24、 to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information a
25、re used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores a
26、nd carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.【F4】Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily ag
27、gression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it.The predator is searchingly aggressive inner directed, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense
28、closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds and yesterdays unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is o
29、f a different mind.【F5】Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race
30、. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters“ in the human body.【F1】The scientific importance of the
31、 work is unquestionable, the completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology.But the race itself, between the governments Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genom
32、ics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins(and Ari Patrinos of the Depa
33、rtment of Energy, an important ally on the government side)and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over(sort of), that both sides had won(kind of)and that the hostilities were resolved(for the time being)
34、.No one is exactly sure how things will be different now.【F2】Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soonthe “finish lines“ each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts“ rather than the definitive version.【F3】And while the joint announcement brings the forme
35、r Genome Warriors closer together than theyve been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britains Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to
36、 Celera outlining the HGPs complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.“ But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,“ Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.“【F4】At a cancer me
37、eting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each others approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Mondays joint announcement were ham
38、mered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.“【F5 】With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.16 【F1】
39、17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 27 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 “ 技术转让 ”的基本设想是：发达国家利用新发现开发技术会给发展中国家带来可应用的成果。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 问题在于：这种结果是不是转让过程中不可避免的，固有的；还是仅仅反映了资源的缺乏和管理不当。 【知识
40、模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 其基本缺陷在于：“技术转让” 有着殖民主义的影子，在对待发展中国家(前殖民地) 时，发达国家在用他们自己觉得合适的方式行事。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 这种情况必须用一种新的方法予以取代，作为发展中国家前沿科学发展的一部分，这种方法即所谓的“基础知识转让” 。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 内部的“技术转让” 要求每个国家或地区有一定数量的训练有素的科学家；每个国家和地区需要创造方式，以保持带头人始终能胜任工作。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 当传染病袭击民众时，科学家们就立即着手确认病源并想法征服疾病。 【知识模块】 翻译
41、7 【正确答案】 接种疫苗是让人体对病毒或疾病产生免疫力。万一碰上病毒或疾病，人体可以自然战胜它。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 可以肯定，万一该病人以后碰上这类病毒，他的身体已全副武装并且训练有素，因为他已有经验了，所以足以应付这一现实问题。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 有时，即使疫苗中含有的病菌是弱化了的菌种，人体也接受不了，而这就会导致免疫系统失效，以致病人的死亡。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 天花疫苗的情况就是这样，天花传染病一度席卷全美土著居民并造成大量移民死亡，该疫苗试图消灭这种传染病。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 草原上早期大型
42、哺乳动物智力的发展主要是由于两个生态同步的动物群间的交往，即食肉动物和食草动物。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 越来越聪明的猎食者和越来越机敏的逃跑者之间互动所影响的智力主要是在注意力方面大脑中将意识从这一刻运送到下一刻的方面。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 生物体更清醒更警觉；当生物体对环境更敏感时，不断增强的警惕感会造成对微弱的信号也有反应。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 尽管在两种动物中警觉都会刺激肾上腺产生肾上腺素，但在食草动物中的效果主要是恐惧，而在食肉动物中产生的效果主要是攻击性。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 它十分警觉而不是四处觅食，它平静地等待
43、而不是热切期待。这种如丝般薄的冷静之下隐藏的是强劲的消化系统。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 该项目的科学重要性是毋庸置疑的，完整的基因排序将有望为科学家研究人体的工作原理提供前所未有的启迪，给医学和生物学带来革命。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 任何一方都不会很快停止其基因图谱研究双方跨过的“终点线”基本上是武断的，是 “初稿”而不是定稿。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 尽管这次联合宣言使原先的基因组勇士们比几年来任何时候都更为关系密切，但内部人士说：未来大家更可能同意以“协调” 的形式工作，而不是直接的合作。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 在本月初的一次癌症会议上，文特和柯林斯相互称赞彼此的方法，而且表达了希望所有参与人类基因组测序的科学家都能分享功劳的愿望。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 现在把分歧抛在了背后，或者至少暂时放在了一边，科学家们应该能够开始好好研究这个有趣的问题了：考虑怎样利用那些数据。 【知识模块】 翻译
