1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 2 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Scientists are supposed to change their minds.【F1】Having adopted their views on scientific questions based on an objective evaluation of empirical evidence,
2、 they are expected to willingly, even eagerly, abandon cherished beliefs when new evidence undermines them. So it is remarkable that so few of the essays in a new book in which scientists answer the question in the title, “What Have You Changed Your Mind About?“ express anything like this ideal.Many
3、 of the changes of mind are just changes of opinion or an evolution of values. One contributor, a past supporter of manned spaceflight, now thinks its pointless, while another no longer has moral objections to cognitive enhancement through drugs. Other changes of mind have to do with broken predicti
4、ons, such as that computer intelligence would soon rival humans.【 F2】Rare, however, are changes of mind by scientists identified with either side of a controversial issue. There is no one who rose to fame arguing that a disease is caused by sticky brain plaques and who has now been convinced by evid
5、ence that the plaques are mostly innocent bystanders, not crimes. But really, we shouldnt be surprised.【F3】Advocates of a particular viewpoint, especially if their reputation is based on the accuracy of that viewpoint, cling to it like a shipwrecked man to floats. Studies that undermine that positio
6、n, they say, are fatally flawed.In truth, no study is perfect, so it would be crazy to abandon an elegant, well supported theory because one new finding undermines it.【F4】 But its fascinating how scientists with an intellectual stake in a particular side of a debate tend to see flaws in studies that
7、 undermine their dearly held views, and to interpret and even ignore “facts“ to fit their views. No wonder the historian Thomas Kuhn concluded almost 50 years ago that a scientific paradigm falls down only when the last of its powerful advocates dies. The few essays in which scientists do admit they
8、 were wrongand about something central to their reputation therefore stand out.【F5】Physicist Marcelo Gleiser of Dartmouth breaks ranks with almost every physicist since Einstein, and with his own younger self, in now doubting that the laws of nature can be unified in a single elegant formulation. Gl
9、eiser has written dozens of papers proposing routes to the unification of gravity and quantum mechanics through everything from superstrings to extra dimensions, but now concedes that “all attempts so far have failed. “ Unification may be esthetically appealing, but its not how nature works.1 【F1】2
10、【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Some great men insist that education should he confined to some particular and narrow end, and should issue in some definite work, which can he weighed and measured.【F1】They argue as if every thing, as well as every person, had its price; and that where there has been a great
11、 expenditure, they have a right to expect a return in kind. This they call making education and instruction “useful,“ and “Utility“ becomes their watchword.【 F2】With a fundamental principle of this nature, they very naturally go on to ask, what there is to show for the expense of a University and wh
12、at is the real worth in the market of the article called “a Liberal Education,“ on the supposition that it does not teach us definitely how to advance our manufactures, or to improve our lands, or to better our civil economy.Such then is the enunciation of the theory of utility in education.【F3】Cert
13、ainly it is apparently right to contend that nothing is worth pursuing but what is useful, and that life is not long enough to expend upon interesting, or curious, or brilliant trifles. In one sense, I will grant it is true; but, if so, how do I propose directly to meet the objection? I have really
14、met it already, in laying down, that intellectual culture is its own end; for what has its end in itself, has its use in itself also. 1 say, if a Liberal Education consists in the culture of the intellect, and if that culture be in itself a good, here, without going further, is an answer to the ques
15、tion; for if a healthy body is a good in itself, why is not a healthy intellect?【F4】If a College of Physicians is a useful institution, because it contemplates bodily health, why is not an Academical Body, though it were simply and solely engaged in imparting vigor and beauty and grasp to the intell
16、ectual portion of our nature?Let us take “useful,“ in its proper and popular sense, meaning not what is simply good, but what tends to be good, or is the instrument of good, “Good“ indeed means one thing, and “useful“ means another; but I lay it down as a principle, that, though the useful is not al
17、ways good, the good is always useful.【F5】If the intellect is so excellent a portion of us, and its cultivation so excellent, it is not only beautiful, perfect, admirable, and noble in itself, but in a true and high sense it must be useful to the possessor and to all around him.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F
18、4】10 【F5】10 Cities, the largest of human-made environments, have historically always assumed a dominant role in cultural issues. Each city of the past embodied a unique local culture, reflected in many ways.【F1】Physically, this uniqueness is seen in the architecture and street patterns of cities whi
19、ch have been preserved and maintained; archeological diggings also revealed it in those that have perished. As specialization developed and facilitated commerce, and thus a more interdependent world began to evolve, this uniqueness began to exhibit a similarity of environmental designs.【F2 】More rec
20、ently, to accommodate an accelerating population increase, entire new cities are built, and old cities are rebuilt and major additions made. These reveal the universal appeal of results of science, technology, industrialization and the accompanying economic rationale for planning these environments.
21、 The physical distinctiveness reflecting any unique culture is now increasingly incorporated, as a certain universality of urban form becomes pervasive throughout the world.【F3】Among the more easily perceived similarities are the means of transportation, mass and individual, in which the ever-presen
22、t private automobile begins to dominate by its peculiar universal appeal and the excessive amount and types of space allocated for its use, a major factor in dictating urban landscape.【F4】Mass production and related machine techniques in construction and servicing also dictate a multitude of designs
23、 of man-made environments from street lighting to the undistinguished high-rise. In any art there is unlimited potential for creative differences, even within a medium. But it is evident that the culture of science, technology, and industrialization is becoming universal in its sameness in our man-m
24、ade environments throughout the world.More important to this discussion is the fact that urbanization brings together ever greater numbers of diverse peoples of a region, in increasingly intimate proximity, in one place and time.【F5】Coupled with rapid transportation and the growth of the electronic
25、media, urbanization also permits other peoples, not only from the inland areas but also from remote corners of the entire world, to interact more directly with the larger numbers of people in our cities. Since many significant cultural and other differences in ourselves, and between ourselves, and o
26、thers, are more clearly revealed when we are closer together, urbanization may be the singularly significant process that affects culture.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 It would have been impossible, completely and entirely, for any woman to have written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of
27、 Shakespeare.【F1】Let me imagine, since facts are so hard to come by, what would have happened had Shakespeare had a wonderfully gifted sister, called Judith, let us say. Shakespeare himself went to the grammar school, where he may have learnt LatinOvid, Virgil and Horace and the elements of grammar
28、and logic.【F2】He was, it is well known, a wild boy who hunted rabbits illegally, perhaps shot a deer, and had, rather sooner than he should have done, to marry a woman in the neighborhood, who bore him a child rather quicker than was right. That episode sent him to seek his fortune in London.【F3】He
29、began by holding horses at the stage door, but very soon he got work in the theatre, became a successful actor, and lived at the hub of the universe, meeting everybody, knowing everybody, practicing his art on the boards, exercising his wits in the streets, and even getting access to the palace of t
30、he queen.Meanwhile his extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose, remained at home. She was as adventurous, as imaginative as he was. She had no chance of learning grammar and logic, let alone of reading Horace and Virgil. She picked up a book now and then, one of her brothers perhaps, and read
31、a few pages. But then her parents came in and told her to mend the stockings and not moon about with books and papers.【F4】They would have spoken sharply but kindly, for they were substantial people who knew the conditions of life for a woman and loved their daughter indeed, more likely than not she
32、was the apple of her fathers eye. Soon, however, before she was out of her teens, she was to be married to the son of a neighboring wool dealer. She cried out that marriage was hateful to her, and for that she was severely beaten by her father.【F5】The force of her own gift alone drove her to disobey
33、 his father; she made up a small parcel of her belongings, let herself down by a rope one summers night and took the road to London. She had the quickest fancy, a gift like her brothers, for the tune of words. Like him, she had a taste for the theatre. She stood at the stage door; she wanted to act.
34、 The manager a fat, loose-lipped man -laughed loudly. She could get no training in her craft. Could she even seek her dinner in a tavern or roam the streets at midnight? Yet her genius was for fiction and lusted to feed abundantly upon the lives of men and women and the study of their ways. At lastf
35、or she was very young, oddly like Shakespeare in her face an actor took pity on her. She found herself with child by that man and so - who shall measure the heat and violence of the poets heart in a womans bodykilled herself one winters night and lies buried at some cross-roads.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】
36、19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 2 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 人们认为，(科学家)基于对实验证据的客观评估、就科学问题形成自己的观点之后，一旦出现动摇这些观点的新证据。他们会欣然地、甚至急切地抛弃原先珍视的观念。【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 然而，鲜有观念的改变是由支持争议性问题某一方的科学家做出的。【知识模
37、块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 某一种观点的支持者，尤其是当其声望建立于该观点的正确性之上时，会像紧抓漂浮物的遭受海难者一样。抱住该观点不放。【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 但有趣的是，与某一争论的特定一方存在智力利害关系的科学家如何倾向于从动摇自己深信的观点的研究中发现破绽，并解释甚至忽略“事实” 以使其符合自己的观点。【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 达特茅斯大学的物理学家马塞罗格雷泽现在通过对“自然法则可以归纳为一条简洁的公式”的观点提出质疑，与爱因斯坦之后几乎所有物理学家分道扬镳了，也与年轻时的他自己划清了界限。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 他们认为似乎所有的
38、人和物都有其价；如果耗费甚大，他们就有权期待实物回报。【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 秉着这一性质的基本原则。他们很自然地追问。有什么可以证明大学的开支物有所值；假定自由教育不能明确地教我们怎样促进制造业。改良土壤。或改善我们的国内经济。那这种名为“自由教育” 的商品的真正市场价值究竟是什么 ?【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 只有有用的东西才值得去追求，人生短暂。不能耗费在有趣、奇特或华美的琐事上，这一论点听来确实貌似有理。【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 如果说医学院因为考虑身体的健康而成为有用的机构那么学术机构为什么就不是呢。尽管它从事的只是向我们人性中的心智部分传播力量、美以及
39、理解力?【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 如果心智是我们如此美好的组成部分。培育心智也是如此美好的部分，那么它不仅本身是美丽、完善、值得赞赏和高贵的，而且在真实和更高的意义上，它也一定对它的拥有者及其周围所有的人都有用。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 从客观实体方面看，这种独特性在那些得以保存和维护的城市的建筑风格和街道模式中就能体现出来，而那些消亡的城市经考古发掘也能揭示出这种独特性。【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 近年来，为了适应人口的加速增长，新兴城市得以开发，旧城得以改造并进行了主要的扩建。【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 在诸多相似点中，从大众到
40、个人的交通工具是比较容易被感知的。其中，无处不在的私人汽车开始占据主要地位，一是因为其独特而普遍的吸引力，再者是为其投入的极尽宽敞而形式多样的使用空间，这成为决定都市景观的一个主要因素。【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 批量生产和与建筑和维修相关的机器技术也决定了从街道照明到普通高楼等人工环境的大量设计形式。【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 伴随着快速的交通运输和电子传媒的发展。城市化还可以让其他不管来自内陆腹地还是全世界各个偏远角落的人们，与我们城市中更多的人更直接地交流。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 由于当时情况很难得知因此我不妨来设想一下：如果莎士比亚有
41、一位天资颖慧的妹妹，比方说叫朱迪丝，事情会是怎样。【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 众所周知，莎士比亚年轻时候无法无天，他曾偷猎过兔子，可能还射杀过一头鹿，而且与他家附近一个女人过早结婚，那女人婚后过早地生下孩子。【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 他先在剧场后门帮人看马，但是很快他便进入剧场工作，成了一名出色的演员，如同生活在宇宙中心，结识各色人等，了解其生活，在舞台上排练剧作，在大街上展现才智，甚至得以进入了女王王宫。【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 他们可能语气严厉，却也亲切慈爱，因为他们是殷实人家，清楚女人该怎么过日子，而且也疼爱女儿，很可能她还是父母的掌上明珠。【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 她的天分驱使着她违背父亲的意愿，一个夏夜，她把随身物品装在一个小包裹里，顺着一条绳子爬出窗外，踏上了去伦敦之路。【知识模块】 翻译
