1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 3 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Though usually unintended and often unrecognized, much of behavioral science is a value-laden enterprise.【F1】Research questions that are regarded as appropr
2、iate or sensible at a particular point in time are usually situated within a matrix of cultural beliefs often widely accepted within the dominant population at large, but certainly within the scientific community more specifically. The issue of fatherhood is a case in point. Fatherhood is a cultural
3、 construction, and once formulated it has implications for the subsequent behavior of those who share the beliefs and assumptions defining that construction.【F2】The issue here is to understand the meanings commonly associated in the United States with the concepts of father, fatherhood, and fatherin
4、g and to recognize the constraints that are implicitly placed on ones behaviors as a result of accepting these meanings(i. e. , cultural construction)as being true. Of course, to understand fully the cultural construction of fatherhood, one must also understand its counterpoint, motherhood. And one
5、must also understand that both constructions are influenced by cultural conceptions of masculinity and femininity.【F3】It is not our intention here, however, to disentangle the maze of meanings and behavioral implications of all of these conceptions and relationships, but merely to acknowledge that t
6、hey exist. For now we want only to dwell on the cultural meaning of fatherhood in America in relation to motherhood and to explore the implications of this conception for behavioral science research on parent child relationships.For most Americans, the concepts father, fatherhood, and fathering appe
7、ar to connote very different domains of behavior and affect from the concepts mother, motherhood, and mothering.【 F4】Semantically, the cultural construction of “fathering,“ for example, implies nothing about father love as does the genderized equivalent of mother love that is contained semantically
8、in the construct “mothering. “ The word mothering elicits, for many, a warm, fuzzy, nurtured feeling, whereas the term fathering elicits feelings of something stronger, colder, harder, and less affectionate. The term father love is not used in everyday discourse, but mother love is. Even the phrase
9、“father love“ sounds strange to some, yet many feel comforted by “mother love“. Popular literature is filled with references to both mothering and parenting when referring to caregiving. But the term fathering is almost never used in this context. When used, the term is typically found in the contex
10、t of the question “Who begot whom?“ Even the gender-neutral term parent is often used or interpreted as being synonymous with mother.【F5】And we have found in our own teaching that studentsincluding advanced graduate studentsoften misread and even mishear the term paternal as being parental, which is
11、 then sometimes translated as maternal/mother.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 The slow greening of world opinion has focused thus far on the problems of the physical environment, notably climate change, pollution, and consumption of nonrenewable resources.【F1】Priority is granted to the short-term ne
12、eds of human beings, and that of course is as it should be. But might we now balance the agenda by paying more attention to the rest of life? Here is a rule of thumb in planet management to consider: if you save the living environment, comprising plants, animals, and microorganisms, you will automat
13、ically save the physical environment. But if you save only the physical environment, you will ultimately lose both. Humanity lives not just on the surface of planet Earth. We also, and above all, live in the biosphere.【F2】This film of life, abounding with millions of different kinds of organisms, is
14、 so thin that it cannot be seen edgewise when viewed from a space shuttle. Yet it is our cradle and our only home, blessed with the unique and delicate conditions necessary for human existence. To travel outside the biosphere, even a little bit and for a short period of time, requires the most advan
15、ced engineering we can devise, and even then it is always dangerous.Other species are not just fellow inhabitants of Earths fair environment.【F3 】They create and maintain it far from the physical and chemical state the planet would be in if it were lifeless. Humanity absolutely requires a healthy bi
16、osphere for a simple reason: we evolved over millions of years to fit the exact conditions it provides, and no other.The natural world we are now destroying with such cheerful abandon purifies and efficiently distributes our fresh water it creates and constantly renews our soil; it channels the grea
17、t cycles of materials and energy; it sustains whatever climatic stability we have not yet bothered; and it manufactures the very air we breathe.【F4】All these services together have been estimated to equal in dollar value the summed Gross Domestic Products of every country in the world combined, and
18、is given to our species free of cost.Humanity could, in theory at least, continue to exist on the handful of domestic plants and animals it now uses, plus a tightly regulated marine catch, but it would be a poor and biologically unstable world.【F5】A planet thus humanized would then be literally a sp
19、aceship, with all the warmth and security of the little ones we currently keep in orbit.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 The nature of the dream-state is highly subjective and a truly personal experience making the scientific analysis of dreaming somewhat prohibitive.【F1 】Dreams often contain mater
20、ial that is nonsensical and challenging to interpret rationally, making the characterization of dreams from an objective point of view a perplexing task. While we all dream, there is incredible variability in the subjective dream experience. Some people rarely remember their dreams and erroneously c
21、onclude that they do not dream at all, while others experience vivid dreams with rich visual imagery and emotional content.【F2 】Sometimes, the storylines that make up peoples dreams follow a tight narrative and have a relatively smooth transition from scene to scene, while at other times dreams appe
22、ar as illogical and haphazard associations lacking a coherent sense of flow. Some people have full control of their dreams, exerting conscious control over the supposedly random events which typify dreaming, while others are mere bystanders watching the events unfold without any sense of agency appr
23、oximating waking volition.【F3】With the multiplicity of dream dynamics, it is no surprise that there are differing views on the nature of dreams, as a researchers views on dreaming may directly relate to his own subjective experience of dreaming.Despite this subjective nature of dreams, an evolutiona
24、ry analysis of dreams should not be disregarded and considered outside the realm of scientific inquiry.【F4】Since the cognitive revolution, psychology and other disciplines have made significant progress in developing and implementing methodologies meant to reveal truths about the mental processes un
25、derlying our subjective experiences. For example, the tools of cognitive neuroscience have allowed neuroimaging data to inform our theories of cognition. It is not unreasonable to think that these methods will one day allow for a correlation to be established between certain patterns of brain activi
26、ty and corresponding dream content, not unlike how current technology now allows accurate prediction of information from subjective experiences.As an example, neuroimaging evidence can provide information to distinguish between lower-level sensory experiences as well as higher-level perceptual exper
27、iences.【F5 】In this vein, it is important to approach the study of dreams in a scientific fashion, not biased by our own subjective dream experiences, but rather by letting our theories rest on scientifically collected data. Towards this aim of objective and scrutinizing scientific inquiry, below we
28、 present data concerning the function of dreaming.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 We are on the verge of destroying our ozone layer. We are close to destroying hundreds of exquisite animal species. Moreover, we now find ourselves on the verge of a new cold war. But there is another threat, per
29、haps as dangerous: we are destroying a major cultural force, the muse behind much art and poetry and music. We are getting rid of melancholia(忧郁).A recent poll shows that almost 85 percent of Americans believe that they are very happy or at least pretty happy.【F1 】The psychological world is now open
30、ing up a new field, positive psychology, devoted to finding ways to enhance happiness through pleasure, engagement, and meaning. Mainstream publishers are printing thousands of books on how to be happy. It seems truly an age of almost perfect contentment, a brave new world of persistent good fortune
31、, joy without trouble.Why are most Americans so utterly willing to have an essential part of their hearts sliced away and discarded like so much waste?【F2】What are we to make of this American obsession with happiness, an obsession that could well lead to a sudden extinction of the creative impulse a
32、nd that could result in a disaster as horrible as those foreshadowed by global warming and environmental crisis and nuclear proliferation(扩散)? What drives this rage for this desperate contentment?【F3 】How can so many people be happy in the midst of all the problems that plague our globe -not only th
33、e collective ills but also those particular irritations that plague our everyday existences? Are some people lying, or are they simply afraid to be honest in a culture in which the status is nothing short of manic happiness?I for one am afraid that American cultures overemphasis on happiness at the
34、expense of sadness might be dangerous, a forgetting of an essential part of a full life.【F4】I further am concerned that to desire only happiness in a world undoubtedly tragic is to become inauthentic, to settle for unrealistic abstractions that ignore concrete situations. Without the agitations of t
35、he soul, would all of our magnificently yearning lowers topple? Our culture seems to treat melancholia as a threat to our pervasive notions of happinesshappiness as immediate gratification, happiness as superficial comfort, happiness as static contentment.【F5】Doesnt this unwitting affection for happ
36、iness over sadness lead us to a one-sided life, joy without discomfort, bright noon with no night?16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 3 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 那些在某一特定时
37、间点被视为恰当或合理的研究问题通常源于为绝大多数人所广泛接受的文化信仰，当然更确切地讲，这些信仰来自于科学界。【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 现在的问题是要理解这些在美国通常与父亲、父性、父亲角色等概念相联系的含义，并意识到接受这些含义(例如：文化构建)给个人行为带来的种种潜在束缚。【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 当然现在我们的目的只是承认它们的存在，而不是要区分所有这些概念以及关系的各种错综复杂的含义及行为影响。【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 譬如，从语义学上讲，“父亲角色” 这个文化构建没有暗含任何有关父爱的信息，与之对比，母亲角色则在语义上包含了母爱的概念。【知识模块】 翻译
38、5 【正确答案】 而且，在教学中我们也发现学生们包括那些高级研究生也经常将“父亲的 ”这个词错读或错听成 “父母亲的”，他们有时还将父母亲的 ”翻译成“母亲(的)”。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 人类的短期需求被赋予了优先权。当然，理应如此。【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 由数百万种不同种类的有机物充斥的这一“生命膜” 极其微薄，以至于从航天飞机上无法看到其侧面。【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 它们创造和维护着地球的美好环境，使其远离无生命条件下地球将遭遇的物理和化学状态。【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 据估计，所有这些服务加在一起的美元价值相当于世界上所有
39、国家国内生产总值之和。而这些，却无偿给予了我们人类。【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 尽管我们现在养在轨道上的小生命们(给我们)提供了温暖和安全，但是一个如此深受人为影响的地球将会变得简直就像一艘宇宙飞船。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 梦里经常会出现一些荒谬的情节。人们很难对其进行合情合理的解释，因此，对梦进行客观的描述就成为一项着实令人头疼的工作。【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 有时，人们梦中的故事情节不仅叙述紧凑，而且一幕幕之间的过渡也相对较平稳自然，而其它一些时候，梦又表现得不合逻辑，尽是些缺乏连贯性的随意联想。【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 既
40、然梦境如此千变万化，那么在梦的性质问题上仁者见仁，智者见智也就不足为奇了，因为每个研究者的观点可能都与他自己的主观经历直接相关。【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 自认知革命兴起以来，心理学和其它一些学科在发展和运用方法论上都取得了显著的进步，这些方法论旨在揭示我们主观经历背后的心理过程的真实情况。【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 在这方面，以一种科学的方式对梦进行研究就显得格外重要，我们关于梦的种种理论应该以收集的各种科学数据为依据，而不应受我们的主观经历的影响。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 心理学界现在正在开拓一个新领域致力于设法通过娱乐、参与和寻找意义来提
41、升幸福感的“积极心理学” 。【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 美国人对幸福的这种迷恋能导致创造冲动的突然丧失，也可能造成如同全球变暖、环境危机、核扩散所预示的那样可怕的灾难。我们该如何看待这种迷恋?【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 困扰我们地球的问题很多，不仅包括集体性的弊病，还有给我们日常生活造成麻烦的那些特殊的恼人之事，在所有这些问题面前，怎么可能会有这么多人感到幸福?【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 我更担心，在一个无疑充满悲剧因素的世界里只希望得到幸福的愿望会变得不真实，使我们只能满足于不切实际的抽象概念，而忽略了具体情况。【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 我们这种无意识的、对压倒悲伤的快乐的热爱，不就是导致我们过着片面的生活，只乐不忧、有昼无夜的罪魁祸首吗?【知识模块】 翻译
