1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 54 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Before a big exam, a sound nights sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of b
2、ehavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form.【F1 】The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then“edited“ at nig
3、ht to flush away what is superfluous.To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it.【F2】The particular stage of sleep in whi
4、ch the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement sleep, when the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dr
5、eams.Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they le
6、arnt how to do this, their response times got faster.【 F3】What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a patternwhat is referred to as “artificial grammar“. Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when th
7、ere was not.What is more, those with more to learn(i.e., the “grammar“, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button)have more active brains. The “editing“ theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case.【 F4】And to eliminate any doubts th
8、at the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly i
9、f the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt.【F5 】So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.1 【F1】2
10、 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Twenty-seven years ago, Egypt revised its secular constitution to enshrine Muslim sharia as “the principal source of legislation“. To most citizens, most of the time, that seeming contradictionbetween secularism and religionhas not made much difference. Nine in ten Egyptians
11、 are Sunni Muslims and expect Islam to govern such things as marriage, divorce and inheritance. Nearly all the rest profess Christianity or Judaism, faiths recognised and protected in Islam.【F1 】But to the small minority who embrace other faiths, or who have tried to leave Islam, it has, until latel
12、y, made an increasingly troubling difference.Members of Egypts 2, 000-strong Bahai community, for instance, have found they cannot state their religion on the national identity cards that all Egyptians are obliged to produce to secure such things as drivers licenses, bank accounts, social insurance
13、and state schooling. Hundreds of Coptic Christians who have converted to Islam, often to escape the Orthodox sects ban on divorce, find they cannot revert to their original faith.【 F2】In some cases, children raised as Christians have discovered that, because a divorced parent converted to Islam, the
14、y too have become officially Muslim, and cannot claim otherwise.【F3】Such restrictions on religious freedom are not directly a product of sharia, say human-rights campaigners, but rather of rigid interpretations of Islamic law by over-zealous officials. In their strict view, Bahai belief cannot be re
15、cognised as a legitimate faith, since it arose in the 19th century, long after Islam staked its claim to be the final revelation in a chain of prophecies beginning with Adam. Likewise, they brand any attempt to leave Islam, whatever the circumstances, as a form of apostasy, punishable by death.But s
16、uch views have lately been challenged. Last year Ali Gomaa, the Grand Mufti, who is the governments highest religious adviser, declared that nowhere in Islams sacred texts did it say that apostasy need be punished in the present rather than by God in the afterlife. In the past month, Egyptian courts
17、 have issued two rulings that, while restricted in scope, should ease some bothersome strictures.Bahais may now leave the space for religion on their identity cards blank.【F4】Twelve former Christians won a lawsuit and may now return to their original faith, on condition that their identity documents
18、 note their previous adherence to Islam.【F5】Small steps, perhaps, but they point the way towards freedom of choice and citizenship based on equal rights rather than membership of a privileged religion.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into t
19、he beliefs and values of that culture.【F1 】By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important.【F2 】Just as import
20、ant as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message.【F3】Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop s Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Emp
21、ire. Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This
22、choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than steanning from, human beings.Aesop s fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-relia
23、nce, reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to
24、reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up, making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway.【F4 】The fables lesson, that we often play down that which we cant achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listene
25、r in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche.【F5】The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop s fables did. The stories of Roman gods, Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient gene
26、rations those lessons considered most important to their community, and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in
27、both philosophy and theology, the study of religion.【F1 】 What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was
28、 not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.The basic aim of the Scholastics determined cer
29、tain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation.【F2】The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himse
30、lf in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed fo
31、r them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emph
32、asized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain.【F3】Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to underst
33、and and explain revelation.This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain i
34、t perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.【F4】As
35、a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were over
36、confident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation.【F5 】Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 54 答案与解析Part CDi
37、rections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 另一种理论认为，记忆实际上是在白天形成的，只不过是在晚上对它“编辑”，并把多余的删去。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 比利时小组尤为感兴趣的睡眠阶段是快速眼动睡眠。这时眼球在眼皮下来回移动，仿佛在欣赏电影，脑电图与清醒时相似。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 他们不知道灯亮有时是按照一定的模式出现的这种模式被称作“人造语法 ”
38、。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 试验对象在醒来时的反应时间甚至比睡觉时还快，从而消除了他们“在学习，而不是没有学” 这一疑虑。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 所以，大考前夜，参加第二天数学考试的学生可以酣睡，他们知道明天需要记住的都是些基本的代数法则，而不是隔壁收音机里断断续续的对话。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 但近来，对于一小部分其他信仰者或是那些试图脱离伊斯兰教者，这次修宪导致的差异使他们越来越觉得麻烦重重。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 在有些情况下，信仰基督长大的孩子们发现因其父母离婚皈依伊斯兰教，而使他们自己正式被列入穆斯林，并且丧失了
39、信仰其他宗教的权利。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 人权运动人士表示，这样一些对宗教信仰自由的限制约束并不是直接源自伊斯兰教法，而是狂热的官员通过伊斯兰法律进行的强行解释。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 12 名前基督徒赢得了一场诉讼，他们也许现在可以回到他们原来的信仰了，条件是他们的身份文件要注明他们以前曾经信仰伊斯兰教。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 也许这只是一个小小的进步，但他们为选择自由和公民权的自由指明了前进的道路，这种自由是建立在权利平等的基础上的而不是哪个宗教成员的特权。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 通过异想天开有时甚至是不可思议
40、的故事来创造一种口头传诵的传统，以此来解释自然世界中的种种奇观，警戒后世的年轻人要吸取前人的教训，一个社会就用这种方式将其最为珍视的观点、理念都表露出来。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 然而，与人们从故事中所得到的教训一样重要的是这些故事中的人物在传递这个信息的过程中所扮演的角色，也就是所起的作用。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 或许我们可以从希腊帝国时期被人们不断重复传诵的伊索寓言中找到神话的缩影以及它是如何被当成一种工具来传递文化价值观的。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 我们常常贬低那些自己做不到的事情，以此寻求心理安慰。这个故事以轻松的形式告诉读者或听众人心灵中的
41、一个弱点，让人们以此为戒。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 正如伊索寓言揭示出希腊社会里的一些特点一样，其他文化或其他社会中的神话也展现出这些文化各自的内在特征。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 在欧洲从 9 世纪到 17 世纪的学术实践中，赋予整个经院运动统一性的是其所有成员共同的目标、态度以及共同接受的方法。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 经院学者认为上帝是这两种知识的源泉，真理是他的主要属性，因此他不可能在两种表达方式上自相矛盾。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 尽管如此，在整个经院哲学阶段，哲学一直被称作神学的仆人，这不仅是因为哲学的真理性居于神学真理性之下，还因为神学家将哲学运用到了对启示的理解和解释之中。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 因为相信信仰和理性间的和谐关系，经院派学者试图裁决它们各自精确的范围和能力。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 后来，在经院哲学的成熟阶段，意大利神职人员及哲学家托马斯阿奎纳在理性和启示之间找到了一种平衡。 【知识模块】 翻译
