1、英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 2 及答案与解析一、名词解释1 morpheme2 free morpheme3 bound morpheme4 morph5 allomorph6 derivation7 clipping8 acronym9 initialism 10 blending 11 root 12 stem 13 prefix 14 suffix15 Syntax16 word class17 prescriptive approach18 descriptive approach19 IC analysis20 structural analysis21 immediate co
2、nstituent22 ultimate constituent23 constituent structural grammar24 transformational grammar25 ideational function英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 2 答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically alte
3、ring the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.【知识模块】 名词解释2 【正确答案】 Free morpheme; Free morpheme is morpheme like car, talk, friend, which can stand alone as words. Every word must contain a free morpheme. There are two kinds of free morphemes; lexical morphemes or functional morphemes.【知识模块】
4、 名词解释3 【正确答案】 Bound morpheme; Bound morpheme is morpheme like -s, -ism, pro-, ex-, which cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words. Bound morpheme can be sorted into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.【知识模块】 名词解释4 【正确答案】 Morph; Morph is the smallest meaning phon
5、etic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. That is to say, morph is the phonological or orthographic forms which realize morpheme, and it is the minimal carrier of meaning.【知识模块】 名词解释5 【正确答案】 Allomorph; Some morphemes can be realized by more than one morph depending on the context in whic
6、h they occur, and each of them is an allomorph of the morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.【知识模块】 名词解释6 【正确答案】 Derivation; Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. In contrast to compounding, a derivational word consists of at l
7、east a free morpheme and a bound morpheme. 【知识模块】 名词解释7 【正确答案】 Clipping; The process by which parts of a word have been cut off is called clipping. Clipping occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech.【知识模块】 名词解释8 【正确答案】 Acronym; Some new words a
8、re formed from the first letters of a series of words and they are pronounced as a single word. Words of this kind such as NATO, UNESCO are called acronyms. 【知识模块】 名词解释9 【正确答案】 Initialism; Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in t
9、hem. Words of this kind such as VIP, WTO are called initialisms. 【知识模块】 名词解释10 【正确答案】 Blending; The way a single new word is formed by combing two separate forms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word.【知识模块】 名词解释11 【正确答案】 R
10、oot; A word must contain an element that can stand by itselfa free morpheme. This free morpheme is called a root. Therefore, root is the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word, e. g. system from un- + system + -atic- + -ally.【知识模块】 名词解释12 【正确答案】 Stem; The free morphe
11、mes can be generally considered as the set of separate English word-forms. When they are used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem.【知识模块】 名词解释13 【正确答案】 Prefix; A prefix is an affix that can be joined to the beginning of the root or stem. 【知识模块】 名词解释14 【
12、正确答案】 Suffix; A suffix is an affix that can be joined to the end of the root or stem.【知识模块】 名词解释15 【正确答案】 Syntax: Syntax is a major branch of linguistics which focuses on the study of the structure and ordering of components within a sentence. It focuses on the rules governing the ways different con
13、stituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or on the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.【知识模块】 名词解释16 【正确答案】 Word class: Word classes are categories that traditionally called parts of speech, including Noun(N.), Verb(V.), Adjective(Adj.), Adverb(Adv.), Prepositio
14、n(Prep.), Pronoun(P.), Conjunction(Con.)and Article(Art.).【知识模块】 名词解释17 【正确答案】 Prescriptive approach; The view of grammar as a set of rules for the “ proper“ use of a language is characterized as the prescriptive approach.【知识模块】 名词解释18 【正确答案】 Descriptive approach: Linguists collect samples of the la
15、nguage they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the language as it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used. This is called the descriptive approach.【知识模块】 名词解释19 【正确答案】 IC analysis: IC analysis is based on the idea that linguistic units can be par
16、ts of larger constructions and may themselves also be constructions composed of smaller units. Using the distribution of components and constructions, we can analyze a sentenceconsidered to be the maximum construction in syntaxinto a series of constituentsunits that make up their larger units next t
17、o them.【知识模块】 名词解释20 【正确答案】 Structural analysis; Structural analysis is a type of descriptive approach, whose main objective is to study the distribution of linguistic forms in a language.【知识模块】 名词解释21 【正确答案】 Immediate constituent; The first division or cuts are known as immediate Constituents(ICs).
18、 【知识模块】 名词解释22 【正确答案】 Ultimate constituent; The final division or cuts are known as ultimate Constituents(UCs). 【知识模块】 名词解释23 【正确答案】 Constituent structural grammar: Constituent structural grammar, also called Constituent structural syntax, refers to a grammar that analyzes sentences using only the i
19、dea of constituency to reveal a hierarchy of structural levels.【知识模块】 名词解释24 【正确答案】 Transformational grammar: Transformational grammar is a generative grammar and which was put forward by Chomsky and consisted of three parts: a set of phrase structure rules, transformation rules and morphophonemic rules.【知识模块】 名词解释25 【正确答案】 Ideational function; The function in which we conceptualize the world for our own benefit and that of others is called ideational function. 【知识模块】 名词解释
