1、英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 4 及答案与解析一、名词解释1 anaphora 2 presupposition 3 speech Act Theory4 indirect speech act 5 the Cooperative Principle6 the Politeness Principle 7 conversational implicature8 discourse 9 discourse analysis 10 given information11 new information 12 topic 13 cohesion14 coherence 15 discourse m
2、arker 16 adjacency pair17 preference structure 18 presequence 19 critical discourse analysis20 sociolinguistics 21 standard language 22 dialect23 register 24 pidgin 25 Creole英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 4 答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Anaphora: Anaphora refers to the process where a word or phrase refers back to another w
3、ord or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.【知识模块】 名词解释2 【正确答案】 Presupposition: A presupposition is an implicit assumption made by the speaker or writer about the world, which is required to make an utterance meaningful and appropriate. 【知识模块】 名词解释3 【正确答案】 Speech Act Theory: Speec
4、h act theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things“ , and to perform acts.【知识模块】 名词解释4 【正确答案】 Indirect speech act: When an utterance is used to make a
5、 command/request indirectly and implicitly, the utterance is functioning as an indirect speech act.【知识模块】 名词解释5 【正确答案】 The Cooperative Principle; In actual communication, the speaker usually means a lot more than what is said. H. P. Grice believes that there must be some mechanism governing the prod
6、uction and comprehension of utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle(CP), which has four maxims: the maxim of quality, quantity, relation and manner.【知识模块】 名词解释6 【正确答案】 The Politeness Principle; Th
7、e Politeness Principle(PP)is another principle which applies to conversation in addition to the CP. It can satisfactorily explain exceptions to and apparent deviations from the CP. The PP contains six maxims: the maxim of tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement and sympathy.【知识模块】 名词解释7 【正
8、确答案】 Conversational implicature: Conversational implicature is a kind of extra meaning that is not literally contained in the utterance.【知识模块】 名词解释8 【正确答案】 Discourse: A general term for examples of language use, i. e. language which has been produced as the result of an act of communication. It refe
9、rs to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.【知识模块】 名词解释9 【正确答案】 Discourse analysis: Discourse analysis is also called discourse linguistics and discourse studies, or text analysis. It is an area of linguistics which, like pragmatics, is concerned with languag
10、e in use, although the distinction can be arguably made that while pragmatics is more concerned with meaning, discourse is more concerned with the information structure.【知识模块】 名词解释10 【正确答案】 Given information: Given information is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee.
11、知识模块】 名词解释11 【正确答案】 New information: New information is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee. 【知识模块】 名词解释12 【正确答案】 Topic; The topic represents what the utterance is about.【知识模块】 名词解释13 【正确答案】 Cohesion; Cohesion is an important field of studying discourse analysi
12、s, which refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be the relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. 【知识模块】 名词解释14 【正确答案】 Coherence: Coherence refers to the factor that leads us to distinguis
13、h connected discourses which make sense from those which do not.【知识模块】 名词解释15 【正确答案】 Discourse marker: Discourse marker(DM)refers to expressions that are commonly used in the initial position of an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence. These expressions comprise a subset of lin
14、guistic expressions though not to affect the propositional content of utterances in which they occur.【知识模块】 名词解释16 【正确答案】 Adjacency pair: Adjacency pair refers to a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers.【知识模块】 名词解释17 【正确答案】 Preference structure: There can be several second par
15、ts to one first part, but they are not of e-qual status. The structural likelihood is called preference. Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred.【知识模块】 名词解释18 【正确答案】 Presequence; The opening sequence that is used to set up some specific potential actions is called p
16、resequence.【知识模块】 名词解释19 【正确答案】 Critical discourse analysis; Critical discourse analysis(CDA)is a perspective which studies the relationship between discourse events and sociopolitical and cultural factors especially the way discourse is ideologically influenced by, and can itself influence, power r
17、elations in society.【知识模块】 名词解释20 【正确答案】 Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics refers to the study of language in relation to society; it is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the language users live.【知识模块】 名
18、词解释21 【正确答案】 Standard language: Standard language refers to the dominant or prestigious variety, which also called standard variety or standard dialect. It is a variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educate
19、d n-ative speakers of the language.【知识模块】 名词解释22 【正确答案】 Dialect: A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called a dialect.【知识模块】 名词解释23 【正确答案】 Register: It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occup
20、ation(e. g. doctors, lawyers)or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions(e. g. legal language). 【知识模块】 名词解释24 【正确答案】 Pidg
21、in: A pidgin is a variety of a language that is not a native language of anyone, but is learned on contact situations such as trading.【知识模块】 名词解释25 【正确答案】 Creole; When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a Creole.【知识模块】 名词解释
