1、英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 5 及答案与解析一、名词解释1 language planning 2 diglossia 3 bilingualism4 code-switching 5 taboo 6 euphemism7 psycholinguistics 8 language production 9 language comprehension10 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 11 linguistic determinism 12 linguistic relativity13 cognitive 14 linguistics 15 categorization1
2、6 category 17 prototype theory 18 metaphor19 metonymy 20 iconicity 21 grammaticalization22 first language acquisition 23 behaviorist approach 24 innateness approach25 second language acquisition 英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 5 答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Language planning: Governments and people carefully examine all the
3、 language and dialects in the country and decide which is the standard, official language or languages and specify their scope of use. They also make plans for the regional use and/or development of other languages and dialects. This is now called language planning.【知识模块】 名词解释2 【正确答案】 Diglossia: It
4、refers to a situation that two very different varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions. Usually the more standard variety is called the High-variety or H-variety, the other is called Low-variety or L-variety.【知识模块】 名词解释3 【正确答案】 Bilingualism: Bilingua
5、lism refers to a situation where two languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. Canada, for example, is an officially bilingual country, with both English and French as official language.【知识模块】 名词解释4 【正确答案】 Code-switchin
6、g: Bilinguals often switch between their two languages or language varieties in the middle of a conversation, and this phenomenon is called code-switching.【知识模块】 名词解释5 【正确答案】 Taboo: Taboo refers to a word which is rarely used in formal contexts because they are socially unacceptable in such contexts
7、, e. g. cunt, prick, fuck.【知识模块】 名词解释6 【正确答案】 Euphemism: A euphemism is a polite or more pleasant word or expression you use instead of a more direct one in order to avoid upsetting others.【知识模块】 名词解释7 【正确答案】 Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics, earlier called the psychology of language, is the stu
8、dy of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the relationship between the language and the human mind, and it is a subject which links psychology and linguistics.【知识模块】 名词解释8 【正确答案】 Language production: Language production refers to the process involved in creating and expressing m
9、eaning through language.【知识模块】 名词解释9 【正确答案】 Language comprehension: Language comprehension refers to the process of understanding language. It is an automatic task and a straightforward process.【知识模块】 名词解释10 【正确答案】 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis refers to the idea that language syste
10、m forms thought or is necessary for thought. It has two parts: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. 【知识模块】 名词解释11 【正确答案】 Linguistic determinism: Linguistic determinism, as a part of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, says that linguistic structure determines cognitive structure. That is, learning
11、a language changes the way a person thinks.【知识模块】 名词解释12 【正确答案】 Linguistic relativity: Linguistic relativity, as a part of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, says that the resulting cognitive systems are different in speakers of different languages.【知识模块】 名词解释13 【正确答案】 Cognitive Linguistics; The approach that
12、language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it is called cognitive linguistics. 【知识模块】 名词解释14 【正确答案】 Categorization: Categorization refers to the mental process of classification. 【知识模块】 名词解释15 【正确答案】 Prototype: What members of a particular community thi
13、nk of as the best example of a lexical category, e. g. for some English speakers “cabbage“(rather than, say, “carrot“)might be the prototypical vegetable.【知识模块】 名词解释16 【正确答案】 Category: Category is the term that stands for all the characteristics of the species it refers to. It is the products of cat
14、egorization.【知识模块】 名词解释17 【正确答案】 Prototype theory; Some scholars think that natural categories are organized according to prototypes. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype. If the entity is similar to the prototype, then it is included in the
15、 category. This way of classification is called the Prototype theory.【知识模块】 名词解释18 【正确答案】 Metaphor; In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain or cognitive domain in terms of another conceptual domain.【知识模块】 名词解释19 【正确答案】 Metonymy: Cognitive metonymy is a de
16、parture from the linguistic norm, serving ornamental and literary purposes and demanding suitable training for its successful use and comprehension. 【知识模块】 名词解释20 【正确答案】 Iconicity: The intuition behind iconicity is very simple-the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experienc
17、e, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.【知识模块】 名词解释21 【正确答案】 Grammaticalization: The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization.【知识模块】 名词解释22 【正确答案】 First language ac
18、quisition: First language acquisition(LI acquisition)is the term most commonly used to describe the process whereby children become speakers of their native language or languages, although some linguists prefer to use the term language learning.【知识模块】 名词解释23 【正确答案】 Behaviorist approach: Behaviorist
19、approach holds that language is learned by a process of habit-formation. It is a standard “stimulus-response-imitation-reinforcement“ approach. 【知识模块】 名词解释24 【正确答案】 Innateness approach; Innateness approach treats human beings ability in learning a language as a part of the biologically innate equipm
20、ent and the infant is born with a language acquisition device(LAD). It regards language acquisition as a process of “hypothesis-deduction“. 【知识模块】 名词解释25 【正确答案】 Second language acquisition; Second language acquisition(L2 acquisition)refers to the learning of a foreign language in addition to the mother tongue, inside or outside a classroom. 【知识模块】 名词解释
