1、英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 6 及答案与解析一、名词解释1 contrastive analysis 2 error analysis3 language aptitude 4 field dependence 5 field independence6 learning strategies7 applied linguistics 8 grammar-translation method 9 audiolingual method10 communicative language teaching 11 testing 12 achievement test 13 validity14
2、 reliability 15 proficiency test 16 subjective test 17 objective test18 language aptitude test 19 diagnostic test 20 backwash effect二、简答题21 If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language? Why or why not?22 One of the main features of our human langu
3、ages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refers to? Support your argument with examples.23 What kind of evidence supports the idea that language is culturally transmitted?24 Point out three major differences between linguistics and traditional grammar.25 What is the differenc
4、e between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to language?英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 6 答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Contrastive analysis: It is a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference lik
5、ely to cause difficulties for learners.【知识模块】 名词解释2 【正确答案】 Error analysis: Error analysis(EA)refers to the study and analysis of the errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors of common difficulties in language learning. It is an alternative to contrast
6、ive analysis.【知识模块】 名词解释3 【正确答案】 Language aptitude; The natural ability for learning an L2 is termed as language aptitude, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.【知识模块】 名词解释4 【正确答案】 Field dependence; Field dependence is a learning style in which a learner tends to look at the whole of
7、 a learning task which contains many items. The learner has difficulty in studying a particular item when it occurs within a field of other items.【知识模块】 名词解释5 【正确答案】 Field independence; Field independence is a learning style in which a learner is able to identify or focus on particular items and is
8、not distracted by other items in the background and context. 【知识模块】 名词解释6 【正确答案】 Learning strategies; Learning strategies are the particular approaches or techniques that learners use to try to learn an LThey can be behavioral or mental and they are typically problem-oriented.【知识模块】 名词解释7 【正确答案】 App
9、lied linguistics: Applied linguistics is the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical issue, e. g. speech therapy, language teaching, testing, and translation. 【知识模块】 名词解释8 【正确答案】 Grammar-translation method; Grammar-translation method refers to a method of foreign or second languag
10、e teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.【知识模块】 名词解释9 【正确答案】 Audiolingual method: Audiolingual method refers to the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking a
11、nd listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed. 【知识模块】 名词解释10 【正确答案】 Communicative language teaching: Communicative language teaching refers to the approach to foreign or second language teaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learnin
12、g is communicative competence.【知识模块】 名词解释11 【正确答案】 Testing; It refers to the use of test, or the study of the theory and the practice of their use, development, evaluation, etc.【知识模块】 名词解释12 【正确答案】 Achievement test; Achievement test is a test which measures how much of a language someone has learned
13、 with reference to a particular course of study or program of instruction. 【知识模块】 名词解释13 【正确答案】 Validity; Validity(in testing)refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure, or can be used successfully for the purposes for which it is intended. A number of different sta
14、tistical procedures can be applied to a test to estimate its validity. Such procedures generally seek to determine what the test measures, and how well it does.【知识模块】 名词解释14 【正确答案】 Reliability: Reliability(in testing)refers to a measure of the degree to which a test gives consistent results; a test
15、is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it is given on different occasions or when it is used by different people.【知识模块】 名词解释15 【正确答案】 Proficiency test: Proficiency test is a test which measures how much of a language someone has learned without bothering the syllabus, duration and
16、manner of learning.【知识模块】 名词解释16 【正确答案】 Subjective test: Subject test refers to a test which is scored according to the personal judgment of the marker, such as an essay examination or translation.【知识模块】 名词解释17 【正确答案】 Objective test: Objective test is a test that can be marked without the use of the
17、 examiners personal judgment.【知识模块】 名词解释18 【正确答案】 Language aptitude test; Language aptitude test is a test which measures a persons aptitude for second or foreign language learning and which can be used to identify those learners who are most likely to succeed.【知识模块】 名词解释19 【正确答案】 Diagnostic test; D
18、iagnostic test refers to a test which is designed to show what skills or knowledge a learner knows or doesnt know. For example, a diagnostic pronunciation test may be used to measure the learners pronunciation of English sounds. It would show which sounds a student is and is not able to pronounce. D
19、iagnostic test may be used to find out how much a learner knows before beginning a language course.【知识模块】 名词解释20 【正确答案】 Backwash effect; Backwash effect refers to the effect of tests on classroom L2 teaching and learning. 【知识模块】 名词解释二、简答题21 【正确答案】 No, we can not call the noises that dogs make as lan
20、guage even though language is partially defined as communication. There are two reasons for that: first, language is human-specific, it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used only for human communication. Second, language has design features which are totally lack in animal communication system
21、s. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Noises made by dogs represent certain meaning but can not be further analyzed into smaller units. Language can
22、be used to refer to things removed from the present time and context. We can talk about things happened in the past and future and in distant places, which dogs can never tell things they did the day before.【知识模块】 简答题22 【正确答案】 Language is arbitrary. As a design feature of human language, arbitrarine
23、ss refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, we Chinese people use the sound “yizi“ and Japanese use “isu“ for the same meaning of “ chair“ ; and we can not explain why we use the letter symbol “
24、 book“ for a book and “pen“ for a pen. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig“. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. However, the arbitrariness of language is a matter of degree, the onomatopoeic words and the compounding wor
25、ds, for instances, are motivated in a certain degree.【知识模块】 简答题23 【正确答案】 Language is culturally transmitted and it cannot be transmitted through heredity. Evidences are as follows: A human being brought up in isolations simply doesnt acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children br
26、ought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesnt speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by* an English f
27、amily will speak English, while an English kid brought up in a Chinese community will speak Chinese.【知识模块】 简答题24 【正确答案】 Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways;First, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Linguistics describes languag
28、es and doesnt lay down rules of correctness . Linguistics are interested in what is said, not what they think ought to be said. While tradition grammar emphasize such matters as correctness, literary excellence and try to impose on languages certain regulations.Second, linguists regard the spoken la
29、nguage as primary, not the written one, which is another important point that differ linguistics from traditional grammar. It is believed by linguists that speech came into being first for any human language and the writing system came along much later.Third, traditional grammar is based on Latin an
30、d it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.【知识模块】 简答题25 【正确答案】 Descriptive approach to language attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive approach to language tells people what should be in
31、 the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. Certain forms are used more regularly than others and by different people. Though some forms occur less frequently, they should not be ignored. They can all be recorded and explained as aspects of the languages since they are actually used.【知识模块】 简答题
