1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 15 及答案与解析一、简答题1 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.（南开大学 2004 研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.2 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grices Cooperative P
2、rinciple.(北二外 2005 研)A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B: I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No. 9 is my favorite.3 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?(人大 2006 研)4 What is sociolinguistics?（北航 2008 研)5 T
3、he following is a statement by a Japanese businessman; “You buy in your own language, but you sell in your customers language. “ How do you understand it?（人大2005 研)6 What is language variation?7 What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?8 What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossi
4、a?9 How do the speech of women and the speech of men differ from each other?10 The following statements are examples of excessive use of euphemism. How to improve them? Examples of excessive use of euphemism:(1)The employees who had been notified of an interruption in their employment were referred
5、to their outplacement manager.(2)The official acknowledged that he had misspoken when he said the troops had not engaged in any protective-reaction missions.(3)The prisoners life will be terminated at dawn.(4)The non-essential personnel in this division will be vacationed by next week.(5)Reaching th
6、e top of the ladder of success must be a moving experience.(6)I was told that he did away with himself.It is a widespread but unproven hypothesis that the parameters of significant personal change for persons in mid-life are extremely narrow.I purchased a residential property that was in need of sub
7、stantial upgrading.11 It is claimed in sociolinguistics that you are what you say. How would you comment on this theoretical claim?（武汉大学 2011 研)12 What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学 2004 研)13 What are the factors influencing sentence comprehension?14 What are the four stages of
8、language production and how do you understand them?15 What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学 2004 研)16 What are the four assumptions of the classical theory?17 Explain three levels of categorization.18 How do you understand interlanguage?（西安交大 2008 研)19 What is meant by Move-a in Un
9、iversal Grammar?（西安外国语学院 2006 研)20 What are the four obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?（浙江大学 2003 研)21 Please state the factors that cause errors and mistakes in foreign language learning.（厦门大学 2006 研)22 To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you li
10、st some proof from your own learning experiences?23 Identify personality factors that may contribute to the SUCCESS of learning a second/foreign language.24 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning?(四川大学 2010 研)25 What are the main features and theo
11、retical base of the audiolingual method?26 Describe the three main types of language tests.英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 15 答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not provide a direct answer to As question. But A would assume that B is cooperative in the conversation
12、, and would try to explore the link between the seemingly irrelevant response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret Bs utterance in such a way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be
13、 able to come.2 【正确答案】 B has obviously violated Maxim of Relation; A was asking Bs opinion about a particular popular song, but Bs response was actually about classical music. By such a violation, B probably wanted to imply that he did not like that popular song.3 【正确答案】 In daily conversations peopl
14、e do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “cooperative principle“ : “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted
15、 purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged“. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.4 【正确答案】 Sociolinguistics is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the social
16、 functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. It studies the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.【试题解析】 （本题考查社会语言学的定义。)5
17、【正确答案】 This reflects some features of pidgin which is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it id used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. And also, it reflects the tendency of intercultural communication from the aspect of languag
18、e.6 【正确答案】 It is differences in pronunciation, grammar, or word choice within a language. Variation in a language may be related to region, to social class and/or educational background or to the degree of formality of a situation in which language is used.For sociolinguists, the most important veri
19、ty is that a languageany languageis full of systematic variation, variation that can only accounted for by appealing, outside language, to socially relevant force and facts.Sociolinguistics takes as its primary task to map linguistic variation on to social conditions. This mapping helps understand n
20、ot just synchronic variation(variation at a single point of time), but also diachronic variation(variation over time)or language change.7 【正确答案】 It is a belief that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understandi
21、ng the world. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. As this hypothesis was strongly put forward by the America
22、n anthropological linguists Sa-pir and Whorf, it has often been called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.8 【正确答案】 Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used in a speech community; whereas in a diglossia community, two varieties of language are used for different
23、situations, one being more standard and higher, and used for more formal matters, and the other less prestigious, and used for colloquial situations.9 【正确答案】 Women tend to use more prestigious forms, more polite and indirect language, more tag questions, less powerful curse words, more statement que
24、stions, and more specific color terms than their male counterparts.In mixed-gender groups, at public gatherings, and in many informal conversations, men spend more time talking than do women. For example, in one experiment, the men with expertise talked longer than the women with expertise. Men init
25、iate more interaction than do women.10 【正确答案】 Improved versions;(1)The laid-off employees were told to speak to the person who would try to help them find new jobs.(2)The official admitted that he had lied when he claimed the troops had not engaged in any offensive missions.(3)The prisoner will be e
26、xecuted at dawn.(4)The unnecessary people in this division will be laid off by next week.(5)Being successful must be a pleasant experience.(6)I was told that he had committed suicide.(7)It is a widely held myth that middle-aged people cant change.(8)I bought a house in need of repair.(9)It is a lang
27、uage that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. The lingua franca could be an internationally used language of communication(e. g. English), or it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could be a language which is not spo
28、ken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages.11 【正确答案】 Everyone speaks differently. A personal dialect of an individual speaker combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In oth
29、er words, an individual speakers regional and social back ground, his/her gender and age jointly determine the way he/she talks. From this point, we can claim that “You are what you say“.Following this claim, we may expand the scope of our observation by introducing some social factors that are beli
30、eved to influence our language behavior in a social context. Among these factors, some major ones include a)class; b)gender; c)age; d)ethnic identity; e)education background; f)occupation and g)religious belief. In our daily speaking, the potential selection of linguistic forms can reflect the above
31、 factors, which determine our identities.For example, women use more “fancy“ color terms such as “mauve“ and “beige“ ; use less powerful curse words; use more intensifiers such as “terrible“ and “awful“ ; use more tag questions. On the other hand, your way of speaking, to some extent, reflect your i
32、dentity.【试题解析】 （本题为开放式题目，围绕自语言与社会及文化之间的关系简要阐述自己对这句话的观点即可。)12 【正确答案】 The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are in
33、evitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of “language and mind“ is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological
34、reality of linguistic structures.13 【正确答案】 (1)Structural factors in comprehension. Comprehension of written and spoken language can hedifficult because it is not always easy to identify the constituents(phrases)of a sentence and the ways in which they relate to one another. Psycholinguists have prop
35、osed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to the grammatical constraints. The most popular principle is Minimal attachment which defines “structurally simpler“ , and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension. In this view, the s
36、entence processor constructs a single analysis of a sentence and attempts to interpret it. The first analysis is the one that requires the fewest applications of grammatical rules to attach each incoming word into the structure being built; it is the automatic consequence of an effort to get some an
37、alysis constructed as soon as possible. Consider the sentence The second wife will claim the inheritance belongs to her. When the inheritance first appears, it could be interpreted as either the direct object of claim or the subject of belongs. It was found that readers eyes fixated for longer than
38、usual on the verb belongs, which disambiguates the sentence. They interpreted this result to mean that readers first interpreted the inheritance as a direct object. Readers were disrupted when they had to revise this initial interpretation to the one in which the inheritance is subject of belongs. T
39、hey described the readers as being led down a garden path because the direct object analysis is structurally simpler than the other possible analysis.(2)Lexical factors in comprehension. Psycholinguists have proposed that the human sentence processor is primarily guided by information about specific
40、 words that is stored in the lexicon. In the sentences like The salesman glanced at a/the customer with suspicion/ripped jeans, the prepositional phrases with suspicion or with ripped jeans could modify either the verb glance or the noun customer, This is true only for action verbs, not for percepti
41、on verbs like glance at. It has been noted that an actual preference for noun phrase modification only appeared when the noun had the indefinite article a.14 【正确答案】 (1)ConceptualizationThe notion is that thoughts take form in mentalese and are then translated into linguistic form.(2)FormulationFormu
42、lation is the second stage of speech production. It analysis on eventual output of the process, such as speech errors, and the choice of words or sentence structures can be a great help for understanding speech production.Major types of slips of the tongue: shift, exchange, anticipation, perseverati
43、on, addition, deletion, substitution and blend.(3)ArticulationArticulation of speech sounds is the third and a very important stage of production. Once we have organized our thoughts into a linguistic plan, this information must be sent from the brain to the muscles in the speech system so that they
44、 can then execute the required movements and produce the desired sounds.(4)Self-regulationSelf-regulation is the last stage of speech production. To err is human. So each person would do some self-correction over and over again while conversing.15 【正确答案】 The study of language and mind aims to model
45、the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually give
46、n to the study of “language and mind“ is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.16 【正确答案】 Four assumptions The first assumption: Categories are defined by a lim
47、ited set of necessary and sufficient conditions. The second assumption; Features are binary. The third assumption: Categories have clear boundaries. The fourth assumption; All members of a category have equal status.17 【正确答案】 Three levels of categorization Superordinate levels mean higher levels or
48、more general levels. Furniture and animal are examples of superordinate category levels. Basic-level categories are more specific, but not too specific. Chair is an example of basic-level categories. Subordinate levels mean lower levels or more specific categories. Desk chair is an example of subord
49、inate categories.18 【正确答案】 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. nterlanguage is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learners native language. It is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learners n-ative language. However, interlanguage should not really he seen as a bridging language between the target language and native language. Interlanguage is a dynamic lang
