1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 7 及答案与解析一、名词解释1 duality（四川大学 2006 研)2 displacement（南开大学 2010 研；清华 2001 研)3 performative function（武汉大学 2004 研)4 parole（北师大 2004 研)5 descriptive study of linguistics(四川大学 2007 研)6 Glottal Stop（四川大学 2006 研)7 Voiceless（西安交大 2008 研)8 Minimal pairs（北航 2008 研；北二外 2006 研)9 Phoneme（人大 2006
2、研；上海交大 2007 研)10 Free variation(武汉大学 2004 研)11 Assimilation（武汉大学 2008 研；上海交大 2005 研)12 Suprasegmental features（中山大学 2005 研；南开大学 2004 研)13 Syllable(四川大学 2006 研)14 Complementary distribution15 morpheme（四川大学 2006 研；武汉大学 2008 研)16 inflectional morpheme(南开大学 2004 研)17 free morphemes（西安交大 2008 研)18 bound
3、morpheme（上海交大 2007 研)19 bound root（四川大学 2006 研)20 functional morpheme（上海交大 2005 研)21 inflection（四川大学 2007 研)22 allomorph(四川大学 2006 研)23 blending（四川大学 2008 研)24 Immediate constituent（武汉大学 2008 研；武汉大学 2006 研)25 IC analysis（人大 2006 研)英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 7 答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Duality refers to the fact th
4、at in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meani
5、ng in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example, a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes.2 【正确答案】 Language can be used to refer to wh
6、at is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, scientists can predict the “future“
7、of certain planets that are several billions of light years away from us.3 【正确答案】 The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons and it can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. The kind of language employed in performa
8、tive verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an(every day be safe and happy)as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4 【正确答案
9、】 Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It varies enormously according to individuals. The speeches, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals are all examples of parole.5 【正确答案】 To say that linguistics is a descriptive study is to say that the linguist tries to discover a
10、nd record the roles to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.6 【正确答案】 Glottal Stop: Vocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx. W
11、hen the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop.7 【正确答案】 When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. For example, Consonants(p, s, t)are produced this way, so they
12、 are voiceless consonants. “Voiceless“ is defined in contrast with “voiced“. Consonants(b, z, d)are voiced consonants.8 【正确答案】 Minimal Pair are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in mean
13、ing and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.9 【正确答案】 Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.10 【正确答案】 When two or more sounds occur in the same positi
14、on without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, the final consant of cup may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. In this case, it is the same word pronounced in two different ways :(khph)and(khp ).(The
15、diacritic “ “indicates “no audible release“ in IPA symbols.)11 【正确答案】 The way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. For example, in “mink“ , “n“ , which is originally pronounced as /n/, will b
16、e velarized by the following “k“/k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as /mi?k/12 【正确答案】 Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are stress, tone and intonation.13 【正确答案】 Syllable: These units, w
17、hich are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. For example, the English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful.14 【正确答案】 When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspira
18、ted English stops never occur after(s), and the unaspirated ones never occur initially. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. The allophones of/p/, for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The unaspirated(p =)occurs after /s/, while the aspirated(ph)o
19、ccurs in all other environments except after /s/.15 【正确答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or gra
20、mmatical. For example, in boys, there are two morphemes: “boy“ and “-s“; in international, there are three morphemes; “inter-“ “nation“ and “-al“.16 【正确答案】 Inflectional morpheme; It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or
21、delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.17 【正确答案】 Free morpheme is an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. They may occur alone, that is, they may make up words by themselves. For example, “ dog“ , “ nation“ and “close“
22、 are free morphemes. And such words are called mono-morphemic words. Thus all mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.18 【正确答案】 Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, in the word “careless“ , “-less“ is a bound m
23、orpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.19 【正确答案】 Bound root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as “-ceive“ in “receive“.20 【正确答案】 This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one
24、 consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “ and, about, when on, near, the“ an so on.21 【正确答案】 Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number,
25、 person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix; “-ed“ ; the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffi
26、x; “-ren“22 【正确答案】 Allomorph; A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats“ /s/, in
27、 “bags“ /z/, in “matches“ /iz/.23 【正确答案】 Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only join the initial parts of the two words. For example, telephone + exc
28、hangetelex; transfer+resister transistor.24 【正确答案】 Immediate constituent. An immediate constituent is the constituent immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. For example, in the sentence “Poor John ran away“ , the constituents “Poor John“ and “ran away“ are regarded as the immediat
29、e constituents of the sentence.25 【正确答案】 IC analysis. IC analysis(immediate constituent analysis)refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentsword groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.
