2018_2019学年高中化学第一章物质结构元素周期律专题讲座(一)练习新人教版必修2201902183152.doc

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1、1专题讲座(一) 元素的金属性与非金属性强弱的判断1金属性强弱的判断。(1)据元素周期表判断。同一周期,从左到右:元素的金属性逐渐减弱。同一主族,从上到下:元素的金属性逐渐增强。(2)据金属活动性顺序判断。(3)据单质及其化合物的性质判断。金属单质与水或酸反应越剧烈,元素的金属性越强。最高价氧化物的水化物的碱性越强,元素的金属性越强。(4)金属单质间的置换反应:较活泼的金属将较不活泼的金属从其盐中置换出来:如ZnCu 2 =Zn2 Cu,则金属性:ZnCu(但活泼金属与水反应剧烈,在水溶液中不能置换出其他金属单质)。(5)据离子的氧化性强弱判断:金属阳离子的氧化性越强,元素的金属性越弱。如:氧

2、化性:Cu 2 Fe 2 ,则金属性:CuFe。2非金属性强弱的判断。(1)据元素周期表判断。同一周期,从左到右:元素的非金属性逐渐增强。同一主族,从上到下:元素的非金属性逐渐减弱。(2)据单质及其化合物的性质判断。单质与氢气化合越容易(或氢化物越稳定),元素的非金属性越强。最高价氧化物的水化物的酸性越强,元素的非金属性越强。(3)非金属单质间的置换反应:活泼的非金属将较不活泼的非金属从其盐中置换出来:如 Cl22Br =2Cl Br 2,则非金属性:ClBr。(4)据离子的还原性强弱判断:非金属阴离子的还原性越强,元素的非金属性越弱。如:还原性:Cl S。= = = = =点 燃 = = =

3、 = = 练习_1下列事实不能用于判断金属性强弱的是( )A金属间发生的置换反应2B1 mol 金属单质在反应中失去电子的多少C金属元素的最高价氧化物对应水化物的碱性强弱D金属元素的单质与水(或酸)反应置换出氢气的难易程度解析:金属单质在反应中失去电子的多少,不能作为判断金属性强弱的依据,如 1 mol Al 反应失去的电子比 1 mol Mg 多,但 Al 的金属性比 Mg 弱。答案:B2甲、乙两种非金属元素性质比较:甲元素的单质的熔、沸点比乙元素的低;甲元素的单质能氧化乙元素的阴离子;甲的最高价氧化物对应的水化物的酸性比乙的强;与金属反应时甲原子得电子的数目比乙多;甲元素的单质比乙元素的单质容易与氢气化合。上述能够说明甲比乙的非金属性强的是( )A BC D解析:熔、沸点属于物理性质,与元素的非金属性无关,故错误;与金属反应时,甲原子得电子数目比乙的多,但得电子不一定容易,则不能说明甲比乙的非金属性强,故错误。答案:C3不能作为判断硫、氯两种元素非金属性强弱的依据是( )A单质氧化性的强弱B单质沸点的高低C单质与氢气化合的难易D最高价氧化物对应的水化物酸性的强弱解析:S 单质、Cl 2都是分子晶体,分子之间通过分子间作用力结合,分子间作用力越大,物质的熔、沸点就越高,这与元素的非金属性强弱无关,B 错误。答案:B

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