2019届高考物理二轮复习专题一力与运动考点一匀变速直线运动真题汇编20190118298.doc

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1、1考点一 匀变速直线运动1.(2018全国卷T14)高铁列车在启动阶段的运动可看作初速度为零的匀加速直线运动。在启动阶段,列车的动能 ( )A.与它所经历的时间成正比 B.与它的位移成正比C.与它的速度成正比 D.与它的动量成正比【解析】选 B。列车的动能 Ek= 12mv2与速度的平方成正比,故选项 C 错误;列车的动能Ek= 12mv2= m(at)2= ma2t2,则列车的动能与时间的平方成正比,故选项 A 错误;列车的动能 Ek= mv2= m2ax=max,则列车的动能与位移成正比,故选项 B 正确;列车的动能 Ek=1mv2= pm,则列车的动能与动量的平方成正比,故选项 D 错误

2、2.(2018全国卷 II T19)甲、乙两汽车在同一条平直公路上同向运动,其速度-时间图象分别如图中甲、乙两条曲线所示。已知两车在 t2时刻并排行驶。下列说法正确的是 ( )A.两车在 t1时刻也并排行驶B.在 t1时刻甲车在后,乙车在前C.甲车的加速度大小先增大后减小D.乙车的加速度大小先减小后增大【解析】选 B、D。根据速度时间图象与时间轴所围面积大小对应物体的位移大小,可知在 t1t 2时间内,甲车位移大于乙车位移,又因为 t2时刻两车相遇,因此 t1时刻甲车在后,乙车在前,选项 A 错误,B 正确;根据图象的斜率对应物体运动的加速度,可知甲、乙的加速度均先减小后增大,选项 C 错误

3、D 正确。3.(2018全国卷 T18) 甲、乙两车在同一平直公路上同向运动,甲做匀加速直线运动,乙做匀速直线运动。甲、乙两车的位置 x 随时间 t 的变化如图所示。下列说法正确的是( )A.在 t1时刻两车速度相等B.从 0 到 t1时间内,两车走过的路程相等C.从 t1到 t2时间内,两车走过的路程相等D.在 t1到 t2时间内的某时刻,两车速度相等【解析】选 C、D。由位移时间图象的意义可知 t1时刻两车在 x1位置,图线的斜率不同,速度不等,A 错;由于甲车起始位置不在原点,从 0 到 t1时间内,两车走过的路程不等,B 错;从 t1到 t2时间内,两车都从 x1位置运动到 x2位置,因此走过的路程相等,C 对;从2t1到 t2时间内甲车图线的斜率先小于后大于乙车,因此在 t1到 t2时间内的某时刻,两车速度相等,D 对。

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