1、- x- -%- - - MIL-HDBK-221 76 = 7777970 00303L)q T W c (- I MIL-HDBK-221( WP) 3 May 1965 MILITARY STANDARDIZATION KANDEOK FIRF: PROTECTION DESIGN HAITDBOOK FOR U.S. NAVY AIRCRAET POWERFD BY TURBINE ENGINES THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS 2 c). b PAGES /. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or network
2、ing permitted without license from IHS-,-,-* NIL-HDBK-2EL CHG NOTICE I 9 9999970 0209793 837 9 9 t MILITARY HANDBOOK I INCH-POUND I MIL - HDBK - 221 (AS ) NOTICE 1 27 December 1995 FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR U.S. NAVY AIRCRAFT POWERED BY TURBINE ENGINES TO ALL HOLDERS OF MIL-HDBK-221(AS): 1
3、. THE FOLLOWING PAGES OF MIL-HDBK-221(AS) HAVE BEEN REVISED AND SUPERSEDE THE PAGES LISTED: NEW PAGE DATE SUPERSEDED PAGE DATE 119 27 December 1995 119 3 May 1965 - 120 3 May 1965 120 REPRINTED WITHOUT CHANGE 2. RETAIN THIS NOTICE AND INSERT BEFORE TABLE OF CONTENTS. 3. indicated above have been ent
4、ered. This notice page will be retained as a check sheet. This issuance, together with appended pages, is a separate publication. Each notice is to be retained by stocking points until the mi 1 i tary handbook i s compl etel y revi sed or canceled. Holders of MIL-HDBK-221(AS) will verify that page c
5、hanges and additions Custodians: Army - AV Navy - AS Preparing activity: ( Project MI SC - 0218 1 Navy - AS AMSC NIA FSC MISC DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IH
6、S-,-,-7- 1%- MIL-HDBK-221 7b W 7977770 0030395 Z W a MIL-DBK+221(*) 3 1965 This Aircraft Fire Protection Handbook contains requirements and design objectives for Navy aircraft. It also contains some fundamental infor- mation on physical properties of air, fuel and ignition sources, and their interre
7、lation in causing a fire and explosion. A bibliography of relevant literature is added which, in connection with the fundamentals, should facilitate the. designers tasks of implementing the requirements and objectives of the Handbook. The Handbook will be .incorporated in the specification requireme
8、nts of contracts for new Navy aircraft models. Amendments to this Handbook will be issued as necessary to maintain up-to-date requirements consistent with the state-of-the-art. Amend- ments will be by page revisions and revised paragraphs will be suitably identified. Where the requirements of this H
9、andbook conflict with any applicable G.overnment specifications, the requirements of the specifications shall take precedence. Where no such c-onflict exists, compliance with the requirements of this Handbook is mandatory, c Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted withou
10、t license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-221 76 W 7777970 0030396 3 , MIL-BDBK-22J(wp) 3 Ma3T 1965 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Main Sections Only) Paragraph 2. 2c.1 22 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.7 2. E 2.9 2.10 2.u 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.16 3. IGNITION AND COMBUSTION FUNDAMENTALS- . Provided by IHSNot for R
11、esaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-221 7h = 9999970 00303q7 5 W . i . - - i -. TABLF: OF CONTENTS i.ii Paragraph 2. 2.1 2.1.1 . 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.1.1 2.1.1.1.2 2.1.1.1.3 2.1.1.1.4 2.1.1.1.5 2.1.1.1.6 2.1.1.2 2.1.1.3 2.1.1.4 2.1.1.5 2.1.1.6 2.1.1.7 2.1.1.8
12、2.1.1.9 2 . 1.1.10 2.1.2 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 2.1.3 2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.1.4 2.1.4.1 2.1.4.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3 2.2.1.4 2.2.1.5 2.2.1.7 2.2.1.7.1 2.2.1.7.2 2.2.1.7.3 2.2.1.7.4 2.2.1.6 , Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-
13、221 7b 7797770 O030348 7 I . _-. Paragraph iv Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-. MIL-HDBK-221 76 9999970 0030349 9 V Paragraph 2.709 2.7010 2.7.11 2.7.12 2.7013 2 .7 0 i3 a 2 2.7.1303 2.7 013.5 2.7. i3 . 6 2.7 . i3 . 7 2.7.13.8 2 w 701
14、3 9 2.8 2.8.1 208*2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.9 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.4 2.9.2.5 2.92.6 2.9.3 2.9.4 2.9.6 2.10 2.10.1 2.10.2 2 10 . 2. I. 2.10.2.2 2 10.2.2.1 2*10.2.2.2 2.10 2 . 2.3 2 . 10 . 2 . 2.4 2 . 10 . 2 . 2.5 2 . 10.2 . 3 2 . 10 . 2 . 4 2 7.13 a 1 2.7 a 13 4 2.90203 2.905 Provided by IHSNot fo
15、r ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-221 7b W 9997970 0030350 5 m Paragraph 2.10.3 2.10.3.1 2. io. 3.2 2.10.3.4 2.10.3.5 2.10.4 2.10.4.1 2.10.4.2 2.10.4.3 2.10.3.3 2.10.5 2.10.5.1 2.10.5.2 2 10 5 3 2.10.5.4 2.10.5.4.1 2.10.5 4.2 2.10.5.4.3 2.10.5.4.4
16、2.10.5.4.5 2.10.5.4.6 2.10.6 2.10.6.1 2.10.6.2 2.10.6.3 2.10.6.4 2.10.7 2, io. 8 2.11 2.11.1.1 2.ll.1.2 2. u. 1.2*2 2.11.1.2.3 2.11.1.3 2.11.1.4 2.11.1.5 2.11.1.6 2.11.1.7 2.11.1.8 2.11.1. g 2.11.1.10 2.11.1.ll 2.11.1.12 2R11.1 2.11.1.2.1 2.11. i. 13 vi D Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction
17、 or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- - MIL-HDBK-221 76 7777970 0030351 7 W - -_ _ ._ Paragraph vii 2.11.1.14 2.11. i. 15 2.11.1.16 2.1102 2. ll. 2.1 2.11.2.2 2.ll.2.4 2.11.2.3 2.11.2.5 2.11.2.6 2. u. 2.7 2 . 11.2.8 2. u. 2.9 2. l. 2.10 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.11.2.11 2.U.3 2.11.3. 3 2.
18、11.3.4 2.11.3.5 2.11.3.6 2.11.4 2.ll.4.1 2.ll.4.2 2.11.4.3 2.11.4.4 2.ll.4.5 2.11.4.6 2.11.5 2.12 2.12.1 2.12.2 2.12.3 2.12.4 2.12.4.1 2.12.4.2 2.12.4.3 2.12.4.4 2.12.4.5 2. 12.4.6 2.12.4.7 2.12.5 2.12.6 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-
19、,-MIL-HDBK-221 76 m 7779770 0030352 7 m , Paragraph 2.13 2.13.1 2.13.2 2613.3 2.13.4 2.13.5 2.13.6 2.13.7 2.13.8 2.13.9 2.13.10 2.13.11 2.13. x 2.14 2.14.1 2. L4.2 2 .IL2 .I 2 .i4.2.2 2.14.3 . 2.14.4 2.14.5 2.14.6 2.14.7 2.15 2.15.1 2.15.2 2.15.4 2.15.3 2.15.5 2.15.6 2.15.8 2.16 2.16,1 2.16.1.1 2.16
20、.1.2 2.16.2 2.16.3 2.16.5 2.16.6 2.16.7 2.17 2.17.1 2.17.2 2.15.7 2.15.9 2.16.4 2.17. 3 2.17.4 . viii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I - MIL-HDBK-221 7b 9777970 0030353 O , i - i. MrL-HDBK-221(wP) 3 May 1965 ix Paragraph 2.18 2.18.1
21、2.18.1.1 2.18.1.2 2.18.1.3 2.18.1.5 2.18.1.6 2.18.2 2. i9 2.19.1 2.19.1.1 2.19.1.2 2.19.2 2.18.1.4 2.19.1.3 2.193 2.19.4 2.19-5 2.19.6 2.19.7 2.19.8 2.19.10 2.19. u 2.19.12 2.19. 9 2.20 2.20.1 2.20.2 2.20.3 2.20.3.1 2.20.3.2 2.20.3.3 2.20.3.4 2.20.4 2.20.5 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproductio
22、n or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-221 76 W 7977770 003035L1 2 W _. Paragraph X 3.5.3 305.4 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.6.7 3.6.8 Appendix A Appendix B Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I MIL-H
23、DBK-221 76 = 9999970 0030355 M * . .- - - . -. . Figure 1 2 3 4 5 ,- 6 7 9 10 11 12 a 13 i4 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 (: x. 21 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 LIST OF IU;USTRKTIONS Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-
24、,-MIL-HDBK-221 76 = 7779970 0030356 6 U Figure 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Page 222 a23 225 224 226 227 228 2e9 23p 231 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AIRCRAFT FIRE PROTECTION HANDBOOK 1. SCOPE -
25、 Thi s Handbook emb odi e s re quireaenis -.and*? de 6 tgn ._Ob Je bt ives .2or T tre protection for all types of manned Naval aircraft (including helicop- ters) kith turbine engines. 2. REQIXENEXPS AND DESIGN OEUECTIVES CL FlAMWBLE FLUID TANKS (See Figures 1, 2 and 3- on pages 9, ll and 13) 2.1.1 G
26、ENERAL 2 o 1.1.1 TA“ LOCATION 2.1.1.1.L TAS IN ENGINE COMPARTMENTS Wal tanks shall not be located in engine con hydraulic y and water-lhol-tank-Tn -compressor sections of engines should be kept, as far as practicable, toward the front of the compres- sor and be located as low as practicable. These t
27、anks shall not be located adjacent to burner, turbine and tailpipe areas. auxiliary power plants may be located in their surrounding compartments but shall be designed to withstand a 2000F fire for 10 miniltes without leakage. - .- ._. Oil tanks for 2.1.1.1.2 TANKS ABOVE ENGINE COMPARIISIENTS Locati
28、on of fuel tanks above engine compartments should be If fuel tanks must be located above engine compartments for avoided. justifiable reasons, provisions shall be made to prevent leakage of fuel into engine compartments or onto exhaust systems. and drained space shall be provided between fire wall a
29、nd tank to afford safe disposal of any fuel leakage from the tank. -be provided, if necessary, toprevent ignition within the tank, or in the shrouded air space, in c.ase of a power plant fire. Such insulation shall be nonabsorbent as a material configuration and shall be suitable for periodic inspec
30、tion. A ventilated Insulation shall also i Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-l MIL-HDBK-221 76 W 7777770 O030358 T W 2.1.1.1.3 FUEL TANKS ANp TURBINES Fuel tanks should be located laterally as far from the plane of the propulsion engine
31、 turbine as possible. located in the plane of the turbine for justifiable reasons, the turbine should be tested for blade containment up to a speed which produces kinetic energy of33emaximum allowable overspeed of-the engine, or strategic armoring around the turbine shall be provided. 2.1.1.1.4 FUEL
32、 TANKS AND PR0PEL;LERS If fuel tanks must be Fuel tanks should be avoided in an area within k 5“ of propeller planes. . 2.1.1.1.5 LIGHTMNG PROTECTION Fuel tanks with walls adjoining the free atmosphere should be avoided in protrusions and extremities of the aircraft, and in areas less than 12 inches
33、 from leading edges and trailing edges for reasons of lightning protection. If fuel tanks must be located in these areas for justifiable reasons, adequate protection against lightning shall be provided (see 2.18). Fuel should not be stored in fore or aft extremi- ties, such as in the nose of the fus
34、elage, or in the nose or aft cone of a wing tip tank. . 2.1.1.1.6 FUEL TANK CRASH PROTECTION Wing fuel tanks in the wing roots should be avoided, if For the same practicable, and should be placed bebind heavy spars and leading edge sections for maximum protection from direct crash impact. .reason, a
35、ll fuel tanks should be arranged as high as possible in the aircraft. Fuel tanks should, whenever practicable, be located so that a collapsing landing gear does not result in a major fuel tank leakage. 2.1.1.2 FUEL TANK ISOLAETDN Fuel tanks and fuel compartments shall be isolated from one another an
36、d from wing and fuselage compartments by liquid and vapor tight seals to the greatest practicable exkent. This will serve to keep fuel and fuel vapors away from engines, crew, electric equipment, hot bleed air lines, and armament, with attendant advantages in reducing fire hazards in case of fuel le
37、aks caused by accident or battle damage. These precautions shall also.be applied, as far as practicable, to bomb bays which contain jettisonable fuel tanks. Fuel tanks in inhabited areas should be separated by liquid and vaportight barriers from the rest of the inhabited area. between the tank and t
38、he barrier should be ventilated and drained (see 2.1.1.3). The space -2 I .- Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-221 76 W 7777970 0030357 1 m 2.1.1.3 FUEL TANK COMPARTMENTS All areas surrounding fuel tanks shall be drained and ve
39、ntilsted to remove the fire hazard resulting from any fuel spillage or leakage (he-2.4). remain open-at all tines. There shall be no trapped fluid, If a fuel s 6hai.i cgmply:-with 2.7.3 Bleed air ducts in fuel tank compartments shall comply with 2.8.1 and 2.8.2. 2.1.1.4 ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT IN FUEL TA
40、NKS All electric equipment; and all metal lines within a fuel tank connected to.electric equipment, regardless of size, shall be grounded. All electric wires and equipment in fuel tanks shall be designedwith the highest degree of protection against sparking, arcing, or ovcrheat under normal operatin
41、g and emergency conditions, and during muintenance. Arc-over from electric equipment or wiring being removed from or installed into fuel tanks shall be prevented by positive means, if such arcs are a potential ignition source. wall thickness, joints, and attachments shall carry maximum fault current
42、 without dangerous external heating or conduit burnthrough under conditions of an internal power fault to the wall of the conduit or between adjacent wires. in addition, metal wire conduit Conduits which are open to the exterior of the tank for breathing purposes, or for easy removal of the wires sh
43、all discharge safely any leakage of fuel into the conduit. All electric equipment in fuel tanks shall be explosion-proof in accordance with MIL-E-5272, Procedure IV. See 2.2.3 for pumps for flammable fluids and 2.2.4 for quant i ty gage s. 2.1.1.5 FUEL TANK FITTINGS Fittings which can be located abo
44、ve the fuel level, preferably on top of the tank, should be so located whenever practicable. Fuel tank shtoff valves shall be as near to fuel tank outlets as possible. 7 I i Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- MIL-HDBK-221 7b m 7777770 0
45、0303b0 This location provues greatest protection against battle damage and fml line leakage. If practicable, filler caps, vents, gage units, outlets, etc., should be incorporated in one inspection plate at the top of the tank. aircraft shall.be avoided, or provisions shall be made to rnihmize the ha
46、zards of tank rupture in a crash landing or due to gunfire. 2.1.1.6 TANKS IN COMBAT AIRCRAFT Fuel tank fittings in or close to the bottom of the Fuel lines shall be routed though fuel tanks and close to heavy structure, .*herever possible, to provide the greatest possible protection against combat d
47、amage, and fire hazard resulting from line leakage. Metallic tubing shall not be in contact with the walls of self-sealing tanks, and fuel tank fittings shall be so located that they are as well protected against battle damage as practicable. Fuel tank fittings should be located as high as practicab
48、le in the .tank so that battle damage to a fitting causes a minimum of fuel loss. Fuel tanks shall not be located immediately adjacent to gun compartments; they snallbe separated from such compartments by at least one liquid and vaportight bulkhead in addition to the tank boundary structure. valves shall be integral with or as close as possible to the tanks. mel sequencing frommutiple fuel tanks should be arranged to result in lowest vulnerability to battle damage. Fuel tanks.sh
