1、NFPA 160 Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience 2016 Edition NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 An International Codes and Standards OrganizationIMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPA DOCUMENTS NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY CONCERNING THE USE OF NFPA D
2、OCUMENTS NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Standards”), of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represen
3、ting varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on re and other safety issues. While the NFPA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundn
4、ess of any judgments contained in NFPA Standards. The NFPA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on NFPA Sta
5、ndards. The NFPA also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. In issuing and making NFPA Standards available, the NFPA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the NFPA u
6、ndertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. The NF
7、PA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of NFPA Standards. Nor does the NFPA list, certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certication or other statement of compliance with the requirements
8、 of this document shall not be attributable to the NFPA and is solely the responsibility of the certier or maker of the statement. REMINDER: UPDATING OF NFPA STANDARDS Users of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Standards”) should be aware that NFPA Standards may be amen
9、ded from time to time through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected by Errata. An ofcial NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any Tentative Interim Amendment and any Errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a
10、n NFPA Standard has been amended through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected by Errata, visit the Document Information Pages on NFPAs website. The Document Information Pages provide up-to-date, document specic information including any issued Tentative Interim Amendments and Er
11、rata. To access the Document Information Page for a specic NFPA Standard, go to http:/www.nfpa.org/docinfo to choose from the list of NFPA Standards or use the search feature on the right to select the NFPA Standard number (e.g., NFPA 101). In addition to posting all existing Tentative Interim Amend
12、ments and Errata, the Document Information Page also includes the option to sign-up for an “Alert” feature to receive an email notication when new updates and other information are posted regarding the document. ISBN: 978-145591172-1 (Print) ISBN: 978-145591209-4 (PDF)IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIME
13、RS CONCERNING NFPA STANDARDS ADDITIONAL NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS Updating of NFPA Standards Users of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Standards”) should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from ti
14、me to time through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected by Errata. An ofcial NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any Tentative Interim Amendments and any Errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given doc
15、ument is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected through the issuance of Errata, consult appropriate NFPA publications such as the National Fire Codes Subscription Service, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org, or contac
16、t the NFPA at the address listed below. Interpretations of NFPA Standards A statement, written or oral, that is not processed in accordance with Section 6 of the Regulations Governing the Development of NFPA Standards shall not be considered the ofcial position of NFPA or any of its Committees and s
17、hall not be considered to be, nor be relied upon as, a Formal Interpretation. Patents The NFPA does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights referenced in, related to, or asserted in connection with an NFPA Standard. The users of NFPA Standards bear the sole responsibi
18、lity for determining the validity of any such patent rights, as well as the risk of infringement of such rights, and the NFPA disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of or reliance on NFPA Standards. NFPA adheres to the policy of the American National Standards
19、Institute (ANSI) regarding the inclusion of patents in American National Standards (“the ANSI Patent Policy”), and hereby gives the following notice pursuant to that policy: NOTICE: The users attention is called to the possibility that compliance with an NFPA Standard may require use of an invention
20、 covered by patent rights. NFPA takes no position as to the validity of any such patent rights or as to whether such patent rights constitute or include essential patent claims under the ANSI Patent Policy. If, in connection with the ANSI Patent Policy, a patent holder has led a statement of willing
21、ness to grant licenses under these rights on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions to applicants desiring to obtain such a license, copies of such led statements can be obtained, on request, from NFPA. For further information, contact the NFPA at the address listed below. Law and Reg
22、ulations Users of NFPA Standards should consult applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations. NFPA does not, by the publication of its codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not b
23、e construed as doing so. Copyrights NFPA Standards are copyrighted. They are made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of safe practices and
24、methods. By making these documents available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the NFPA does not waive any rights in copyright to these documents. Use of NFPA Standards for regulatory purposes should be accomplished through adoption by reference. The term “adoption by ref
25、erence” means the citing of title, edition, and publishing information only. Any deletions, additions, and changes desired by the adopting authority should be noted separately in the adopting instrument. In order to assist NFPA in following the uses made of its documents, adopting authorities are re
26、quested to notify the NFPA (Attention: Secretary, Standards Council) in writing of such use. For technical assistance and questions concerning adoption of NFPA Standards, contact NFPA at the address below. For Further Information All questions or other communications relating to NFPA Standards and a
27、ll requests for information on NFPA procedures governing its codes and standards development process, including information on the procedures for requesting Formal Interpretations, for proposing Tentative Interim Amendments, and for proposing revisions to NFPA standards during regular revision cycle
28、s, should be sent to NFPA headquarters, addressed to the attention of the Secretary, Standards Council, NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101; email: stds_adminnfpa.org For more information about NFPA, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org. All NFPA codes and standards can
29、 be viewed at no cost at www.nfpa.org/freeaccess.160-1 NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169. Copyright 2015 National Fire Protection Association . All Rights Reserved. NFPA 160 Standard for th
30、e Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience 2016 Edition This edition of NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Special Effects. It was issued by the Standards Council on May 26, 2015, with an effective date of June 15, 2015, and
31、supersedes all previous editions. This edition of NFPA 160 was approved as an American National Standard on June 15, 2015. Origin and Development of NFPA 160 NFPA 160, Standard for Flame Effects Before an Audience, was developed by the Technical Committee on Special Effects, which was established in
32、 1994, in response to a recognized need for a document to provide guidance to public safety ofcials, designers, and operators of ame effects. The purpose of this standard is to provide requirements for reasonable protection for viewing audiences and performers of ame effects. The rst edition of the
33、standard was 1998. For the 2001 edition, the Committee completed a partial revision of the standard. Revisions included amendments to standardized denitions, harmonization with the pyrotechnics special effects document, and editorial changes according to the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Commit
34、tee Documents. The 2006 edition included a complete revision of the standard by the Committee. Key changes found in the 2006 edition included revisions to Chapter 3, Denitions; clarication of the document applicability by modifying the document title; denitions for temporary and permanent installati
35、ons to correlate with the effect classications based upon those terms; a new requirement for inspection intervals; and a new Annex C on inspection guidelines. The 2006 edition of the standard also incorporated editorial changes according to the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents.
36、 The 2011 edition of the standard incorporated amendments to the application section to clarify that NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Production Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Production Locations, applies to ame effect use when no audience is present. The
37、 Committee added denitions for the terms performer and support personnel extracted from NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience, for consistency between the special effects documents. Requirements for development and approval of the ame effects plan were included.
38、 The Committee revised the separation distance requirements to eliminate the thermal ux provision and retain the skin surface temperature requirements. The skin surface temperature is based on a test method that can be more easily performed in the eld. The 2016 edition of NFPA 160 denes a hybrid ame
39、 effect and adds requirements for their use. The new edition of NFPA 160 indicates which portions of hybrid ame effects are covered by NFPA 160 and which are covered by NFPA 1126, since both documents apply, and adds explanatory annex material to provide further guidance on the simultaneous applicat
40、ion of NFPA 160 and NFPA 1126. The 2016 edition also claries that the use of ground-based effects utilizing explosives, liquid fuels, or other combustibles in air show environments is not covered by NFPA 160 and provides a reference for the use of such effects.USE OF FLAME EFFECTS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE
41、 160-2 2016 Edition Technical Committee on Special Effects Joshua Lazarus, Chair J Lazarus Company, NJ SE Robert Bauer, The Doyle Street Group, CA IM Glenn A. Birket, Birket Engineering, Inc., FL M Randall W. A. Davidson, Risk International & Assoc., Inc., CO SE Glenn A. Dean, Virginia Department of
42、 Fire Programs, VA E Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Gregory V. Dumansky, XL Global Asset Protection Services, CA I June M. Fields, Henderson, NV SE Hardial Gore, RADCO, CA RT Jeremiah Harris, Harris Production Services/PRG, NY U John Kelly, Washington DC Fire & EMS Department, MD E Ken
43、neth L. Kosanke, PyroLabs, Incorporated, CO SE Mark Lee, Universal Studios Orlando, FL U Daryl Marmon, Wald-All American Fireworks, KS M Rep. Pyrotechnics Guild International, Inc. Craig A. Meyers, Clark County Fire Department, NV E Thaine Morris, MP Associates Incorporated, CA M Andrew T. Nicholls,
44、 Orlando Special Effects, Inc., FL M Amanda McLean Nixon, Pyroam, Inc./Luna Tech, Inc., AL M Rachel Robbins, Natural Resources Canada, Canada E John T. Rodgers, John T. Rodgers, PE, CA M Monona Rossol, Arts, Crafts & Theater Safety, Inc., NY SE Larry Schoeneman, Interesting Products, IL SE Rep. PLAS
45、A North America James D. Streett, International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, CA L Bert von Rosen, Natural Resources Canada, Canada RT Charles P. Weeth, Weeth & Associates, LLC, WI SE Christopher T. Wyman, New Hampshire State Fire Marshals Ofce, NH E Rep. National Association of State Fire
46、 Marshals Tylor A. Wymer, WOW!Works, A Buckley/Wymer Co., FL U Marge Yarbrough, California State Fire Marshal, CA E William J. Young, Superior Energy Systems, Ltd., OH M Rep. National Propane Gas Association Alternates Tassilo Baur, Burbank, CA U (Voting Alt. to ASEPO Rep.) Daniel Birket, Birket Eng
47、ineering Inc., FL M (Alt. to G. A. Birket) John Hamaric, Universal Studios Orlando, FL U (Alt. to M. Lee) Garry Hanson, Precocious Pyrotechnics, Inc., MN M (Alt. to A. T. Nicholls) Edward J. Kaminski, Clark County Fire Prevention Bureau, NV E (Alt. to C. A. Meyers) John R. Kitchens, Los Angeles City
48、 Fire Department, CA E (Alt. to J. Kelly) Eric Larsen, Explosive FX Inc., NJ U (Alt. to T. A. Wymer) Paul G. Makuc, Connecticut State Police, CT E (Alt. to C. T. Wyman) Gregory Meeh, Jauchem & Meeh Inc., NY U (Alt. to J. Harris) Robert B. Nicholson, III, Eastern Propane Corporation, NJ M (Alt. to W.
49、 J. Young) Brian M. Panther, Hi-Tech FX LLC, IA M (Alt. to A. McLean Nixon) David J. Pier, MP Associates, Inc., CA M (Alt. to T. Morris) Bob Ross, Pyrotek Special Effects, Canada M (Alt. to J. T. Rodgers) Karl G. Ruling, PLASA North America, NY SE (Alt. to L. Schoeneman) R. Scott Schaffner, CSA International, CA SE (Alt. to J. M. Fields) Steven Sites, Virginia State Fire Marshals Ofce, VA E (Alt. to G. A. Dean) John R. Steinberg, Pyrotechnics Guild Internationa
