1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS2175A AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AMS2175 REV. A Issued 2003-07 Revised 2010-06Supers
5、eding AMS2175 Castings, Classification and Inspection of RATIONALE AMS2175A results from a Five Year Review and update of this specification. 1. SCOPE 1.1 Purpose This specification establishes nondestructive testing methods, sampling frequency, and acceptance criteria for the inspection of metal ca
6、stings. 1.2 Application This specification has been used typically for structural castings, but usage is not limited to such applications. 1.2.1 Casting Methods This specification is intended to apply to all casting methods except high pressure die castings. See 8.2. 1.2.2 Casting Alloys This specif
7、ication is intended to apply to all casting alloys covered in Tables 6 through 14. Other alloys may be inspected to this standard as described in 3.4.3.2 using criteria specified by the cognizant engineering organization. 1.3 Classification Castings that are inspected in accordance with this specifi
8、cation are designated by classes and applicable grades. The “Casting Class“ governs the frequency of inspection (See 3.1 and 4.3), while the “Casting Grade“ controls the acceptance criteria. See 3.1 and 3.4. 1.3.1 Classes Class 1 - A casting, the single failure of which would endanger the lives of o
9、perating personnel, or cause the loss of a missile, aircraft, or other vehicle. Class 2 - A casting, the single failure of which would result in a significant operational penalty. In the case of missiles, aircraft, and other vehicles, this includes loss of major components, unintentional release or
10、inability to release armament stores, or failure of weapon installation components. Class 3 - Castings not included in Class 1 or Class 2 and having a margin of safety of 200 percent or less. Class 4 - Castings not included in Class 1 or Class 2 and having a margin of safety greater than 200 percent
11、. SAE AMS2175A Page 2 of 20 1.3.2 Grades Castings, or sections of a casting, shall be of the following grades: Grade A - The highest quality grade of casting, or area of a casting, with minimum allowable discontinuities and very difficult to produce except in local areas. Grade B - The second highes
12、t quality grade of casting, or area of a casting, which allows slightly more discontinuities than Grade A, and difficult to produce, except in local areas. Grade C - A high quality grade of casting, or area of a casting, that can be consistently produced. Grade D - The lowest quality grade of a cast
13、ing, or area of a casting, that is easily produced and is used primarily for low stress or noncritical areas adjacent to the higher graded areas. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to the extent
14、specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue is specified. When the referenced document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that document shall apply. 2.1 ASTM Publications A
15、vailable from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM E 155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings ASTM E 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4.5-in. (51 to 114-mm)
16、 Steel Castings ASTM E 192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications ASTM E 272 Reference Radiographs of High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings ASTM E 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4.5 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel Castings ASTM
17、 E 310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings ASTM E 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness ASTM E 1255 Radioscopy ASTM E 1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings ASTM E 1417 Liquid Penetrant Testing ASTM E 1444 Magnetic Particle Testing ASTM E 1
18、742 Radiographic Examination ASTM E 2033 Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method) ASTM E 2104 Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components ASTM E 2422 Digital Reference Images for Inspection of Aluminum Castings SAE AMS2175A Page 3 of 20 2.2 NAS Publ
19、ications Available from Aerospace Industries Association, 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, Tel: 703-358-1000, www.aia-aerospace.org. NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel 3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Classification of Castings 3.1.1 Det
20、ermination of Classes and Grades The cognizant engineering organization shall establish the class and grade(s) for each casting design in accordance with 1.3). If the grade of casting is not specified on the drawing or other contractual document, Grade C shall apply, except for Class 4 castings, whe
21、re Grade D shall apply. Sections of a casting may be of varying grades depending on the applied stresses to that portion of the casting. Particular attention should be given to areas that contain, or will eventually contain, stress risers after machining (such as sharp internal corners, holes, or no
22、tches). 3.1.1.1 Class 1 Casting Requirements All areas of Class 1 castings shall be of a quality equivalent to, or higher quality grade than, Grade C, except that all highly stressed areas of a Class 1 casting shall be of a quality equivalent to, or higher quality grade than, Grade B. 3.2 Inspection
23、 Sequence It is the responsibility of the supplier to perform and comply with appropriate inspections as necessary and in the proper sequence during processing to assure freedom from harmful discontinuities in the final product. The intent of inspections during processing is to detect discontinuitie
24、s that would be detrimental to the final product at the earliest stage in processing so as to minimize the cost of rejected or scrapped castings. The sequence for penetrant, magnetic particle, and radiographic inspections shall be as specified in ASTM E 1417, ASTM E 1444, and ASTM E 1742, respective
25、ly, or as otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization. 3.3 Personnel Qualification Personnel performing penetrant, magnetic particle or radiographic inspections shall be qualified and certified in accordance with NAS 410 for the applicable method and technique. 3.4 Inspection Metho
26、ds and Acceptance Criteria 3.4.1 Visual Inspection Visual inspection shall be performed in areas with ambient lighting that is not less than 75 foot-candles. 3.4.1.1 Surface Characteristics Castings shall be free of foreign materials, and shall not contain cracks, hot tears, cold shuts, and negative
27、 core seams (also called parting line below flush). In addition, castings shall conform to the criteria specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or agreed upon observational standards. See 8.3. 3.4.1.2 Surface Roughness Surface roughness shall conform to the engineering drawing requireme
28、nts. Surface roughness requirements specified on the engineering drawing (e.g., 63 Ra, 125 RMS, etc.) do not preclude the presence of acceptable liquid penetrant or magnetic particle indications. Visual and tactile comparison with commercially available observational standards may be used to determi
29、ne conformance to surface roughness requirements. SAE AMS2175A Page 4 of 20 3.4.1.3 Gate, Riser, and Parting Line Projections If allowance limits for gate, riser, or parting line projections are not specified on the engineering drawing or casting (material) specification, then the maximum limit for
30、gates, risers and parting lines shall be in accordance with Table 3. 3.4.1.4 Surface Pits and Raised Metal Allowable surface pits and raised metal (also called positive metal), other than gates, risers and parting lines, that are not specifically controlled by the engineering drawing or agreed-upon
31、observational standards shall be allowed as specified in 3.4.1.4.1 and 3.4.1.4.2. 3.4.1.4.1 For sand castings, surface pits are acceptable if they have smooth, rounded contours and do not cause the casting to fall outside the dimensional requirements of the engineering drawing. Raised metal that has
32、 a jagged or irregular surface, or which causes the casting to fall outside of the dimensional requirements of the engineering drawing, shall be removed or blended to conform to the dimensional and surface roughness requirements of the engineering drawing. 3.4.1.4.2 For investment and permanent mold
33、 castings, random raised metal shall be limited to a height of 0.015 to 0.030 inch (0.38 to 0.76 mm) in an area 0.125 x 0.125 inch (3.2 x 3.2 mm) and no more than 1 per square inch (650 mm2). Random surface pits shall be limited to 0.030 to 0.060 inch (0.76 to 1.5 mm) in diameter and 0.030 inch (0.7
34、6 mm) in depth and no more than 1 per square inch (650 mm2). Surface pits less than 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) deep or raised metal less than 0.015 inch (0.38 mm) in height may be present. 3.4.2 Magnetic Particle and Penetrant Inspection 3.4.2.1 Inspection Method for Ferromagnetic Materials The method for
35、 inspection of ferromagnetic materials shall be in accordance with ASTM E 1444. When approved by cognizant engineering organization, penetrant inspection may be performed in lieu of magnetic particle inspection (e.g., casting size or complex shape prevent adequate magnetic particle inspection). All
36、precipitation hardening stainless steels shall be penetrant inspected in accordance with 3.4.2.2, unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization. 3.4.2.2 Inspection Method for Nonferromagnetic Materials The method for inspection of nonferromagentic materials shall be in accorda
37、nce with ASTM E 1417. The cognizant engineering organization may specify the sensitivity level of the penetrant materials to be used. If no sensitivity level is specified, the inspection facility shall use Sensitivity Level 1 or higher level. 3.4.2.3 Magnetic Particle and Penetrant Acceptance Criter
38、ia If the magnetic particle or penetrant acceptance criteria are not specified, the surface quality shall conform to Table 4. 3.4.3 Radiographic Inspection 3.4.3.1 Radiographic Inspection Method The method for inspection shall be in accordance with ASTM E 1742, or when specified, in accordance with
39、ASTM E 2104. The use of nonfilm radiographic techniques (i.e., radioscopy, digital radiography, etc.) is permitted provided the method used is sufficiently sensitive to resolve the required radiographic quality level. Non-film inspection shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM E 1255 or ASTM E 20
40、33; however, prior approval shall be obtained from the cognizant engineering organization on the detailed inspection, evaluation, documentation, and quality control procedures. SAE AMS2175A Page 5 of 20 3.4.3.2 Radiographic Reference Standards Radiographic standards shall be as required in ASTM E 15
41、5, ASTM E 186, ASTM E 192, ASTM E 272, ASTM E 280, ASTM E 310, ASTM E 446, and ASTM E 1320. For alloy types where reference radiographs are specifically covered, the reference radiographic shall be of the same alloy family as the casting. For alloys not specifically included in the alloy family cove
42、red by the ASTM reference radiographic standards, the cognizant engineering organization shall either specify an ASTM standard representative of the quality required, or develop its own radiographic standards containing details comparable to an ASTM standard. 3.4.3.3 Radiographic Acceptance Criteria
43、 The cognizant engineering organization shall specify the radiographic grade(s) for Class 1, 2 and 3 casting designs. Radiographic grade(s) may be specified for Class 4 castings. Castings shall meet the requirements for the applicable grade(s) as shown in Tables 6 through 14, unless other criteria a
44、re specified by the cognizant engineering organization. The maximum permissible radiographic severity levels for graded titanium castings shall be specified by the cognizant engineering organization. Suggested standards for graded titanium castings are shown in Table 15, but designers should list ea
45、ch requirement on the design documentation and avoid callout of AMS2175 Table 15 because these values may be updated in future revisions. 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS 4.1 Responsibility for Inspection The supplier of castings shall supply all samples for the specified tests and shall be responsib
46、le for the performance of all required tests. All testing shall be performed at facilities acceptable to cognizant engineering organization. Purchaser reserves the right to sample and to perform any confirmatory testing deemed necessary to ensure that the castings conform to specified requirements.
47、4.2 Classification of Tests 4.2.1 Acceptance Tests Inspection for visual (3.4.1), magnetic particle or penetrant (3.4.2), and, when specified (4.3.3), radiographic (3.4.3) soundness are acceptance tests and shall be performed on each lot. 4.2.1.1 Inspection Lot An inspection lot, for the purposes of
48、 visual, penetrant, magnetic particle, and radiographic inspection shall be as defined in the casting (material) specification, engineering drawing, or purchase order. If not specified in any of the above documents, an inspection lot shall be defined as all castings of the same part number and the s
49、ame alloy, produced using the same processing parameters of the casting procedure, and submitted for inspection as a single group. 4.3 Sampling and testing shall be in accordance with the following: 4.3.1 Visual Inspection Each casting shall be 100% visually examined. 4.3.2 Magnetic Particle and Penetrant Inspection Each casting shall be subjected to either magnetic particle or penetrant inspection, as appropriate, except that Class 4 casting
