1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS2628A AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AMS2628 REV. A Issued 1996-10 Reaffirmed 2007-02 Re
5、vised 2013-07 Superseding AMS2628 Ultrasonic Immersion Inspection Titanium and Titanium Alloy Billet Premium Grade RATIONALE AMS2628A revises procedures for personnel qualification (3.1.1), and introduces provisions for phased array inspection (1.2, 3.1.3.13, 3.1.3.14, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, and new Appendi
6、x D). 1. SCOPE 1.1 Purpose This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic immersion inspection of premium grade wrought titanium and titanium alloy round billet 5.0 inches (127 mm) and over in nominal diameter. 1.2 Application This inspection procedure has been used typically for locating inter
7、nal defects such as cracks, voids, inclusions, and other structural discontinuities which may or may not be exposed to the surface in billets, but usage is not limited to such applications. Testing normally will be by longitudinal procedure, but shear wave procedure may be added when agreed upon by
8、purchaser and vendor. This specification includes zoned inspectionswith single element transducers or with a phased array transducer. Method 1 Single element transducers, with single or multiple zones Method 2 Phased array transducers When the method is not specified, selection is at the discretion
9、of the supplier. Class A Acceptance based on signal-to-noise and amplitude (See Table 1A) Class B and C Acceptance based on amplitude only (See Table 1A) Other acceptance levels may be called out by the cognizant engineering organization (CEO) which may include near-surface hole depth, calibration F
10、BH size, calibration amplitude, maximum acceptable amplitude, maxium acceptable signal-to-noise ratio, and data recording method. SAE AMS2628A Page 2 of 26 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to t
11、he extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue is specified. When the referenced document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that document shall apply. 2.1 ASTM Publ
12、ications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM E 317 Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments ASTM E
13、 1065 Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units 2.2 ANSI Publications Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ANSI B46.1 Surface Texture 2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Publications Availabl
14、e from Aerospace Industries Association, 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, Tel: 703-358-1000, www.aia-aerospace.org. NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification 3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Qualification 3.1.1 Personnel Shall be certified to a
15、nd shall function within the limits of their levels in accordance with NAS-410 or other procedures acceptable to purchaser. 3.1.2 Facilities Shall be subject to review and approval by purchaser. Reference specifications, procedures, and documentation necessary to verify the qualification of equipmen
16、t and test personnel shall be available to purchaser upon request. 3.1.3 Written Procedure Ultrasonic inspections performed in accordance with this specification shall be detailed in written procedures. Procedures shall be prepared by the vendor and approved by purchaser. Procedures shall include no
17、t less than the following information: 3.1.3.1 Billet diameter and alloy. 3.1.3.2 Equipment to be used, including software and software version numbers. 3.1.3.3 Inspection configuration including zones, if applicable. SAE AMS2628A Page 3 of 26 3.1.3.4 Amplitudes for calibration, evaluation threshold
18、, and reject limits. 3.1.3.5 Rotational speed and index. 3.1.3.6 Pulse repetition rate. 3.1.3.7 Calibration standard serial number, size, and, if applicable, correction factors. 3.1.3.8 Method used for distance amplitude corrections. 3.1.3.9 Method for attenuation correction. 3.1.3.10 Gate length an
19、d delay per zone, if applicable. 3.1.3.11 Methods for surface preparation and surface texture control. 3.1.3.12 Transducer manufacturer and model number. 3.1.3.13 Method for application and control of focal laws for phased array applications. 3.1.3.14 Data analysis software and version number. 3.1.4
20、 Exceptions No exception shall be taken to the written procedure or this specification unless approved by purchaser. 3.2 Equipment Equipment specifications defined in 3.2.1, paragraphs 3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.3 are applicable to inspections utilizing single-element transducers. In addition to thos
21、e requirements, the specifications of paragraphs 3.2.1.1.4 through 3.2.1.1.9 apply for inspections using phased array instruments. 3.2.1 Ultrasonic Instrument 3.2.1.1 Shall be capable of producing, receiving, and displaying high frequency electrical pulses at the required frequencies and energy leve
22、ls. Shall be capable of operating with the number of transducers required to test all zones including monitoring of the back wall echo. The instrument shall be able to operate in the pulse-echo mode at frequencies of 2.25 through 10 MHz and a bandwidth of 1 to 20 MHz. Gates, distance-amplitude corre
23、ction (DAC) system, and other electronic aids to ultrasonic testing and interpretation shall be used as required. An alarm system, auto-stop, recorder, or combination of these may be used. 3.2.1.2 Instrument Performance The horizontal limit and linearity, the vertical limit and linearity, and the ac
24、curacy of calibrated gain controls shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM E 317 with the following requirements and exceptions: 3.2.1.2.1 The horizontal limit and linearity shall be measured by plotting signal displacement against known thickness in the range of 1 to 8 inches (25 to 203 mm) in 1
25、 inch (25 mm) increments; the allowable differences in thickness between that indicated by the signal displacement and actual measured thickness shall be within 3% of the measured thickness of the respective block. Substitute performance checks are permissible when agreed upon by purchaser and vendo
26、r. 3.2.1.2.2 Vertical linearity shall be within 2% of full scale over the range of 10 to 80% of full scale. 3.2.1.2.3 Accuracy of calibrated gain control shall be within 2 dB over a range of 50 dB. SAE AMS2628A Page 4 of 26 3.2.1.2.4 The phased array instrument must have a minimum of 64 pulse channe
27、ls and a minimum of 128 receive channels in accordance with the probe design for the full volume inspection of the billet. 3.2.1.2.5 Dynamic Depth Focusing (DDF) The phased array system shall be capable of dynamically focusing the beam within a part, where focusing on transmission is fixed with dept
28、h and focusing on reception varies over a depth range. This option must be integrated into the instruments software, to allow for application to sector scans, electronic scans and with every array configuration designed for billet inspection. DDF for the system must have the capability to maintain a
29、 consistent UT beam width throughout the inspection depth of the material. This is a function of both the DDF capability of the system and the design of the phased array probe. 3.2.1.2.6 Pulse Width The phased array system shall provide the ability to adjust the pulse width in a range that includes
30、a minimum of 30 ns to 200 ns. 3.2.1.2.7 The phased array instrument must have a minimum of 4 inspection gates with amplitude and time-of-flight (TOF) capability and in addition, a synchronization gate is required. 3.2.1.2.8 The phased array instrument must be capable of applying a minimum of 128 foc
31、al laws. 3.2.1.2.9 The phased array instrument must have the capability of applying DAC with a minimum dynamic range of 0 to 40 dB with 0.25dB of accuracy. 3.2.2 Ultrasonic Search Units Search units shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM E 1065 to determine frequency response, peak frequency, an
32、d band width. The peak frequency shall be not less than 4 MHz. Search units shall be tested to determine the beam width at -3 dB and -6 dB in the billet axial and circumferential directions. The beam width measurements should be performed using flat-bottom hole targets close to the focal plane of th
33、e transducer, in cylindrical test standards such as those shown in Appendix C, Figures C1 through C9. In the case of a phased array system, the beam widths should be measured upon receipt of the transducer for all diameters of billet that will be inspected with the transducer at a minimum of 2 depth
34、s in the billet calibration standards. The 2 depths should comprise a near surface calibration hole and a hole at mid-depth. 3.2.3 Voltage Regulator The line voltage shall be regulated within 10%. 3.2.4 Couplant Clean water shall be used as the couplant material; rust inhibitors, wetting agents, or
35、both, may be added. The water shall be free of visible air bubbles which may interfere with the ultrasonic test. 3.2.5 Data Acquisition System If a digital data acquisition system is used to record the data, it shall meet the requirements listed in 3.2.5.1 to 3.2.5.6. 3.2.5.1 Components The system s
36、hall consist of encoders for axial and circumferential position, an analog-to-digital (A/D) signal conversion device, a computer, graphic display monitor, graphic printer, an archival storage system, and appropriate software. SAE AMS2628A Page 5 of 26 3.2.5.2 A/D Conversion For each pulse, the peak
37、ultrasonic amplitude in the gated region of each inspection zone shall be digitized to a minimum resolution of 8 bits over the full range of amplitudes used for data acquisition. For phased array inspection, the time position in the gate of the peak amplitude shall also be recorded. The A/D converte
38、r shall be calibrated and adjusted using procedures recommended by the manufacturer. 3.2.5.3 Recording System Linearity Recording system shall be shown to reproduce recorded amplitude data to an accuracy of 2% of full scale. 3.2.5.4 Digital Data Storage Digital amplitudes and the corresponding encod
39、er positions shall be stored. For each ultrasonic amplitude, the corresponding encoder positions shall be retrievable by the operator for relocation and evaluation of indications. Data storage system shall provide traceability of axial position of indications in the billet. 3.2.5.5 Digital Data Arch
40、iving All inspection data files shall be archived and accessible on storage media acceptable to purchaser. 3.2.5.6 Analysis of Digital Data Software to analyse the digital data shall perform not less than the following functions: display location and amplitude, select region of interest (ROI), calcu
41、late mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation of amplitude in ROI, and signal-to-noise ratio (See 4.1.1). 3.2.6 Reference Standards Shall be fabricated from titanium alloy acoustically similar to the alloy to be tested (See 8.5). 3.2.6.1 Initial Selection of Material for Reference Standards Th
42、e reference standard material shall have ultrasonic attenuation similar to the material to be inspected. This shall be verified by comparison of the first back-surface reflection in the standard material, away from any edge in the test block, to the first back-surface reflection from similar regions
43、, away from any edge, in a number of samples of typical production billet material. Back-surface echoes averaged over a region of 1 inch (25 mm) length by 360 degrees circumferential at three regions over the length of the billet shall be within 6 dB. If the sound transmission characteristics vary m
44、ore than 6 dB, a new standard more closely representative of the material being inspected shall be fabricated. 3.2.6.2 Reference standard diameter shall be within 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) of the nominal diameter of the material to be tested. 3.2.6.3 Calibration reflectors shall be flat-bottom holes of the
45、 diameter shown in Table 1. The standard shall contain a minimum of one hole at the shallow and deep depths of each inspection zone, and shall contain holes at a minimum of four depth locations, with the shallowest being at the depth shown in Table 1, and the deepest being 0.5 inch deeper than the c
46、enter of the billet. Hole diameters shall be as shown in Table 1. Recommended configurations are shown in Appendix C, Figures C1 through C9 for fixed focus transducers. Recommended configurations for phased array inspections are shown in Appendix D. 3.2.6.4 Reference standards shall include a full r
47、ound section for attenuation compensation measurement. The full round section shall be of the same material, with the same attenuation properties as the rest of the reference standard, and shall be permanently attached or clearly identified as part of the reference standard (See 8.5). 3.2.6.5 Refere
48、nce standards shall be subject to calibration, certification, and recall procedures required by purchaser. SAE AMS2628A Page 6 of 26 3.2.7 System Operation (Dynamic Response) The total system shall have dynamic response adequate to provide correct amplitude data for all inspection scan and recording
49、 parameters. 3.3 Surface Preparation 3.3.1 Surfaces to be inspected shall not produce ultrasonic reflections which interfere with the test. Surface texture shall be determined in accordance with ANSI B46.1. A surface roughness of 125 microinches (3.2 m), or better, is normally sufficient to ensure inspectability. 3.3.2 Regions with surface discontinuities, such as local grindouts, are not considered inspectable and shall be c
