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2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2014 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP6467AEROSPACERECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP6467Issued 2014-02 Human Factors Minimum Requ
5、irements and Recommendations for the Flight Deck Display of Data Linked Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) RATIONALEThe use of portable electronic devices and graphical electronic displays on the flight deck has increased dramatically over the past several years. Additionally, the number of software program
6、s that enable pilots and other users to receive and display Aeronautical Information such as Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) on the flight deck has increased considerably. While many general human factors standards exist, to date, there are few standards that set minimum human factors requirements and re
7、commendations for how NOTAMs should be displayed on the flight deck during preflight planning and in flight. It is anticipated that this document will be used by various regulators as guidance or a decision support document for certification or regulatory approval for use of the flight deck display
8、of NOTAMs. Lastly, as NOTAM systems around the world are modernized, designers and developers of avionic systems or software programs will face challenges of a mixed-use environment where new “modernized” NOTAMs are available in different formats than non-modernized NOTAMs. This Aerospace Recommende
9、d Practice (ARP) addresses these issues and makes recommendations.FOREWORDThe SAE G-10A Aeronautical Information System Committee was formed in January 2012 in Melbourne, Florida at the SAE G10 annual meeting. Various regulators as well as other standards groups including RTCA Special Committee 206,
10、 “Aeronautical Information Services Data Link,” requested human factors guidance on the display of aeronautical information on the flight deck for pre-flight planning and in flight. The G-10A Committee responded to this need and was composed of subject matter experts from a wide variety of stakehold
11、ers including original equipment manufacturers, avionics manufacturers, airlines, pilots, regulators, application providers and scientists from the human factors field.SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6467 Page 2 of 65 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 41.1 Purpose . 51.2 Overview . 52. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 62.1 SAE P
12、ublications . 62.2 Regulatory and Government Guidance Material 62.3 ICAO Publications . 72.4 RTCA Publications 72.5 Definitions . 73. BACKGROUND AND ASSUMPTIONS 113.1 Introduction . 113.2 Creating gNOTAMs in a Mixed Use Data Environment 113.3 Assumptions 134. HUMAN FACTORS GUIDANCE FOR ALL NOTAM CAT
13、EGORIES 144.1 Human Factors Guidance for the Flight Deck Display of NOTAMs 144.1.1 Create gNOTAMs Using Easy-to-Understand Elements 154.1.2 Ensure gNOTAMs are Visible, Legible, and Readable during Flight Operations . 154.1.3 Create gNOTAMs that are Easily Distinguishable from the Baseline . 164.1.4
14、Provide Context for the gNOTAM . 164.1.5 Display NOTAMs on the Flight Deck without Obscuring Flight Relevant Information 164.1.6 Depict gNOTAMs Accurately 174.1.7 Indicate at a Minimum the NOTAM Subject and that its Status Has Changed 174.1.8 Include Additional Details in gNOTAM as Appropriate . 174
15、.1.9 Indicate that NOTAM Details are Missing . 184.1.10 Provide a Depiction of the Users Position Relative to the NOTAMs Subject 184.1.11 Ensure all Instances of a gNOTAM are Consistent Across Flight Deck Displays 184.1.12 Superimpose gNOTAMs over all Baseline Data Product(s) or Select Logically 184
16、.1.13 Insert all gNOTAMs on the Same Selected Baseline Data Product . 194.1.14 Insert gNOTAMs over Baseline Data in Every Place the Subject Appears 194.1.15 Differentiate between Active and Future gNOTAMs . 194.1.16 Provide Users with Access to Explanatory Information for gNOTAMs . 204.2 Human Facto
17、rs Guidance for Crew Interaction with NOTAMs . 204.2.1 Differentiate NOTAM Information from Other Data Linked Information 204.2.2 Display Text and gNOTAMs on the Flight Deck upon User Request . 204.2.3 Help Users Navigate the List of Text-Based NOTAMs . 214.2.4 Inform Users When a Text NOTAM is Also
18、 Available in Graphical Form . 214.2.5 Provide Users with Access to the Text NOTAM from the gNOTAM . 214.2.6 Provide Users with the Capability to Manage Flight Deck Display Preferences 214.2.7 Provide Users with the Capability to Manage NOTAMs . 224.2.8 Make the NOTAM Management Capabilities Obvious
19、 . 234.2.9 Make NOTAM Management Capabilities User Selectable . 234.2.10 Inform Users of any NOTAM Management Capabilities and Settings Selected 234.2.11 Provide an Indication to Users about NOTAM List Updates . 244.2.12 Provide a Time Stamp with the Latest Update to NOTAM information 244.2.13 Provi
20、de User Documentation for the NOTAM Fight Deck Display . 244.2.14 Provide Feedback to Users Regarding System Status or Errors . 244.2.15 Provide Training for Use of the NOTAM Flight Deck Display When Documentation is Insufficient . 255. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS/RECOMMENDATIONS . 255.1 Introduction . 25
21、5.2 Assumptions 265.3 Human Factors Guidance for the Flight Deck Display of Selected gNOTAM categories . 265.3.1 Show Section of Runway Closed NOTAM 265.3.2 Displaced Threshold Runway NOTAMs . 26SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6467 Page 3 of 65 5.3.3 Runway Shortened NOTAMs 285.3.4 Taxiway Closed NOTAM . 285.3
22、.5 Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) NOTAMs. 295.3.6 Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Change NOTAMs 296. LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 307. NOTES 31APPENDIX A LIST OF ARP REQUIREMENTS 32APPENDIX B LIST OF ARP RECOMMENDATIONS 34APPENDIX C GRAPHIC NOTAM EXAMPLES . 35APPENDIX D COLLECTION OF
23、NOTAM CATEGORIES 48APPENDIX E ADDITIONAL REFERENCES . 63SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6467 Page 4 of 65 1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) includes the minimum human factors requirements and recommendations for the flight deck display of data linked Aeronautical Information (AI), specific
24、ally Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs). The goal of human factors is to make it easy for users to do things right and hard to do them wrong. The guidance in this ARP supports this goal by defining minimum requirements and recommendations that focus on the text and potential graphics for NOTAMs as well as t
25、he humans interaction with these on the flight deck. In this ARP “flight deck” includes both single pilot flight decks as well as multi-pilot flight decks. The FAA defines NOTAMs1as any information concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any component of, or hazard to, the National Air
26、space System. ICAO Annex 15 defines a NOTAM as “a notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned w
27、ith flight operations.”2The minimum requirements and recommendations in this ARP do not replace guidelines or requirements for existing airborne applications or displays on the flight deck. It does not replace existing general human factors design standards. It also does not address every specific N
28、OTAM category, series or type, but focuses on a subset, which includes the most safety critical NOTAMs (such as closed runways), most common NOTAMs, or ones which may affect the efficiency of the airspace such as Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs). This ARP also does not reference other aeronautic
29、al information such as private provider updates, such as Company NOTAMs and/or private sector charting notices or advisories such as charting errors or omissions, which might be sent to pilots via data link. Finally, this ARP does not address data integrity as the NOTAM moves from its originator to
30、the flight deck and all the steps in between. This is addressed by the aeronautical information services data link standards developed by the RTCA Special Committee 206 while the quality of the aeronautical information is addressed by the RTCA 217 Special Committee. There may come a time in the futu
31、re when data linked NOTAMs presented in graphical format (gNOTAMs) are the primary source for NOTAMs on the flight deck. However, standardization and data quality issues must be addressed before gNOTAMs can be considered anything other than a visual supplement or an additional safety layer to text-b
32、ased NOTAMs. Data quality at the origination point will be handled by quality control/quality assurance programs for each State producing NOTAMs. The aviation industry is still years away from complete standardization of all NOTAMs, but progress is being made. For example, regulators and others are
33、working to develop geo-referenced data for airport and airspace subjects (e.g., navigation aids, obstructions, runways, taxiways, temporary flight restrictions and airspace). Similarly, regulators are creating new tools for the origination of NOTAMs that result in digital NOTAMs that are comprised o
34、f standardized elements. Such standardization allows automation (machines or software) to check accuracy, apply various sorting or filtering choices to the NOTAMs, or add other data to them such as displaying their shapes or locations over maps or other baseline data. Unfortunately, the current lack
35、 of standardization means that not every NOTAM created today is machine-readable, thus accuracy is dependent upon human analysis which is very labor intensive and costly. In the U.S. alone, approximately one (1) million NOTAMs are issued each year and the number is growing. As a result, for the fore
36、seeable future, we remain in a mixed use environment where some NOTAMs are standardized and machine-readable but many are not. As a consequence, not every NOTAM created can be sorted, filtered, or converted to its graphical form with the accuracy that pilots and aviation regulators require. There ar
37、e advantages to having standardized gNOTAMs among every manufacturer. This increases the ability of the pilot to see, comprehend and project into the future the applicability of the NOTAM to their flight, reduces training costs, and improves pilot performance. Consistent depictions of gNOTAMs across
38、 different flight deck display manufacturers would enable pilots to move from display to display within an aircraft, and from aircraft to aircraft with more ease and would likely result in a reduction of errors. However, it is not the mandate of this Committee to stifle innovation by dictatingspecif
39、ic symbols or graphics. Consequently, this ARP is geared toward identifying minimum human factors requirements and recommendations that will help ensure that all products meet some basic minimum standards for usability. Many choices have been left for the designer, after working with users, to deter
40、mine what their highest priorities are and to find the most intuitive and efficient way to present the information. While this ARP focuses solely on the flight deck of aircraft, the guidance may be expanded in the future to apply to displays for dispatchers, air traffic controllers, and other NOTAM
41、users. 1FAA JO 7930.2 - Notices to Airmen2ICAO Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6467 Page 5 of 65 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this ARP is to provide specific human factors guidance regarding the display of NOTAMs on the flight deck to designers/developers and foundati
42、onal information to the regulators. The minimum requirements and recommendations included in this ARP are based on input from subject matter experts and can be used to help inform other organizations that are setting standards, issuing approvals or certifications, or issuing recommendations or requi
43、rements for data link NOTAMs displayed on the flight deck. For example, it is envisioned that the requirements and recommendations contained in this ARP will be referenced by RTCA and invoked by a variety of government regulators. This ARP is not designed to replace existing industry-accepted human
44、factors guidance including the following: The FAAs Human Factors Design Standard (FAA HFDS) DOD Design Criteria Standard: Human Engineering (Military Standard 1472) ANSI/HFES standards All other regulatory guidance or research on human factors Rather, this document provides specific human factors gu
45、idance that will help designers and developers tailor existing general human factors standards into specific information that will help them provide NOTAM information to the flight deck and help define appropriate user interactions with that data. 1.2 Overview SECTION 2 - APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND DE
46、FINITIONS: This section contains a list of documents that are applicable to the implementation of these requirements and recommendations. It also contains definitions of terms used within the ARP. SECTION 3 - BACKGROUND AND ASSUMPTIONS: This section contains vital information about the current mixed
47、-use environment concerning NOTAMs and their ability to be sorted, filtered, or graphically depicted. It also contains the assumptions made that apply to all requirements and recommendations provided in the ARP. SECTION 4 - HUMAN FACTORS GUIDANCE FOR ALL NOTAM CATEGORIES: This section contains the h
48、uman factors requirements and recommendations for all NOTAM categories.SECTION 5 - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS/RECOMMENDATIONS: This section contains the specific requirements and recommendations for six different NOTAM categories selected by the Committee due to their importance to the safety, efficiency
49、 of flight and frequency of use. SECTION 6 - LIST OF ACRONYMS: This section contains a list of acronyms used within this ARP. APPENDIX A - LIST OF ARP REQUIREMENTS: This appendix contains the summary list of all the requirements in this ARP. APPENDIX B - LIST OF ARP RECOMMENDATIONS: This appendix contains the summary list of all the recommendations in this ARP. APPENDIX C - GRAPHIC NOTAM EXAMPLES: This appendix contains gNOTAM illu
