1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AS5681BAEROSPACESTANDARDAS5681 REV. BIssued 2007-09Revised 2016-05Superseding AS5681AMinimum
5、Operational Performance Specificationfor Remote On-Ground Ice Detection SystemsRATIONALEThis document has been revised based on further examination of the lists of required and recommended tests by the Ice Detection Working Group. The “recommended” test classification has been changed to “optional”
6、to better reflect the purpose and intended use of these tests. Additionally, some of the optional tests were removed as they were found to be not applicable. Other changes have been made due to the change in document SAE J1211 (referred to in several places in this document) from an environmental te
7、st document to a reliability by design methodology.The appropriate tool for measuring fluid thickness has been added to 6.2.4.1 d.FOREWORDExposure to weather conditions on the ground that are conducive to clear ice formation can cause aircraft surfaces and components to adversely affect aircraft per
8、formance, stability, and control. Specific rules for aircraft operations in ground icing conditions are set forth in United States Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), (European) Joint Aviation Regulations (JARs), Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), and others. The intent of the applicable regulat
9、ions is to ensure that no one attempts to dispatch an aircraft with frozen contamination adhering to any aircraft component critical to safe flight.The Human Factors tests reported in FAA reports DOT/FAA/TC-06/20 and DOT/FAA/TC-06/21 have shown that, based on the particular conditions of the tests,
10、remote on-ground sensors that meet the requirements of this standard perform more consistently and are more reliable than human visual, and/or tactile detection of clear ice on an aircraft critical surface in winter conditions.Human Factors tests have demonstrated that in certain circumstances respe
11、ct for the regulations may be most reliably achieved by use of remote on-ground sensors. These circumstances do not include the specific case of frost. Frost is generally readily detected visually, and may affect the takeoff performance of an aircraft at roughness levels below the reliable detection
12、 threshold of sensors available at the time of publication of this document.SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5681B Page 2 of 54TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE 5 2. REFERENCES 6 2.1 Applicable Documents 6 2.1.1 SAE Publications. 6 2.1.2 RTCA/EUROCAE or SAE/EUROCAE Publications 7 2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications 7 2.1
13、.4 Transport Canada Publications. 8 2.1.5 CEN/IEC/ISO Publications 8 2.1.6 ARINC Publications. 9 2.1.7 Weather Related Publications. 9 2.2 Definitions . 9 2.3 Abbreviations 10 3. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 11 3.1 Introduction . 11 3.2 Complex Hardware and Software Design. 11 3.2.1 Hardware Design 1
14、1 3.2.2 Software Design 11 3.3 Technical Requirements . 11 3.3.1 Materials 11 3.3.2 Workmanship 11 3.3.3 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) 12 3.3.4 Electrical Bonding and Grounding 12 3.3.5 Interchangeability 12 3.3.6 Marking 12 3.4 Exposure during Normal Operations. 12 3.5 Foreign Object Damage (FOD
15、). 12 3.6 Human Factors 12 3.6.1 Installation . 12 3.6.2 Hazards. 13 3.6.3 Interface Design 13 3.7 Safety Requirements. 13 3.7.1 Safety Assessment . 13 3.7.2 Latent Failure Rate 14 3.8 ROGIDS Operation . 14 3.8.1 ROGIDS Controls 14 3.8.2 Data Processing 14 3.8.3 Built In Test Equipment (BITE) . 14 3
16、.8.4 Nuisance Alarms. 14 3.8.5 Operating Weather Conditions 14 3.8.6 Radio Frequency Emission . 14 3.9 Qualification Tests. 14 3.9.1 Responsibility for Testing 14 3.9.2 Test Article 14 3.10 Test Plan(s). 14 3.11 Test Procedures 15 3.12 Test Report . 16 3.13 Compliance Checklist 16 3.14 Manufacturers
17、 Performance Specifications . 16 3.15 Operating Procedures. 16 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5681B Page 3 of 544. MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION 16 4.1 Frozen Contamination Detection 16 4.1.1 Detection Threshold 17 4.1.2 Ice above the Detection Threshold . 17 4.2 Monitored Surface Finish, Illumination Cond
18、itions, and ROGIDS Performance. 17 4.3 Fluid Foaming Effects . 17 5. MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL TEST CONDITIONS . 17 5.1 Introduction . 17 5.1.1 Alternative References 18 5.2 Test Plan, Procedures, and Reports. 18 5.3 Acceptance Criteria. 18 5.4 Actions to be Taken in Event o
19、f Failure 18 6. MINIMUM OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE TESTS . 22 6.1 Performance Tests General. 22 6.1.1 Test Plan, Procedures, and Reports. 22 6.1.2 Power Input Voltage 22 6.1.3 Power Input Frequency. 22 6.1.4 Warm-up Period 22 6.1.5 Test Parameters 22 6.2 Tests in Simulated Precipitation Conditions . 23
20、 6.2.1 Test Applications. 23 6.2.2 Test Principles. 23 6.2.3 Detection of Clear Ice Pre-Deicing 23 6.2.4 Detection of Residual Clear Ice Post-Deicing. 24 6.2.5 Detection of Residual Clear Ice Post-Deicing during Precipitation. 25 6.3 Fluid Foaming Effects (in Laboratory). 27 6.3.1 Test Outline. 27 6
21、.3.2 Pass/Fail Criteria. 28 6.4 Testing in Natural Conditions Snow Precipitation Tests 28 6.4.1 Purpose of the Tests. 28 6.4.2 Test Principles. 28 6.4.3 Test Outline. 29 6.4.4 Pass/Fail Criteria. 29 6.5 Testing in Natural Conditions Illumination 30 6.5.1 Purpose of Test. 30 6.5.2 Test Outline. 30 6.
22、5.3 Pass/Fail Criteria. 31 6.6 Actions to be Taken in Event of Failure 31 7. INSTALLED EQUIPMENT OPERATIONAL EVALUATION . 31 7.1 Purpose of Evaluation. 31 7.2 General 31 7.2.1 Operational Evaluation Plan, Procedures, and Reports . 32 7.2.2 Required Equipment and Personnel. 32 7.3 Operational Evaluat
23、ion 32 7.3.1 Evaluation Scenarios 32 7.3.2 Evaluation Conditions Reporting Anomalies 32 7.3.3 Display. 33 7.3.4 Controls Accessibility and Operation 33 7.3.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects 33 7.3.6 Dynamic Effects 33 7.3.7 Equipment Usability 33 7.3.8 Safety Precautions 33 7.4 Actions to be Ta
24、ken in Event of Anomalies 33 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5681B Page 4 of 548. NOTES 348.1 Revision Indicator 34TEST MATRICES . 35DETAILED TEST PARAMETERS 40ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS. 44DETERMINATION OF ROGIDS ACCEPTABLE LATENT FAILURE RATE 46TABLE 1 REQUIRED TESTS. 19TABLE 2 OPTIONAL TESTS . 21TABLE 3 FORMU
25、LATION FOR FOAMING TEST FLUID127TABLE 4 DISTRIBUTION OF EVALUATION CONDITIONS . 32SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5681B Page 5 of 54SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS)/Minimum Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) specifies the minimum performance requirements of Remote On-Ground Ice Detection Systems
26、 (ROGIDS). These systems are ground-based. They provide information that indicates whether frozen contamination is present on aircraft surfaces.Section 1 provides information required to understand the need for the ROGIDS, ROGIDS characteristics, and tests that are defined in subsequent sections. It
27、 describes typical ROGIDS applications and operational objectives and is the basis for the performance criteria stated in Section 3 through Section 5. Section 2 provides reference information, including related documents, abbreviations, and definitions.Section 3 contains general design requirements
28、for the ROGIDS. Section 4 contains the Minimum Operational Performance Requirements for the ROGIDS, which define performance in icing conditions likely to be encountered during ground operations.Section 5 describes environmental test conditions that provide laboratory means of testing the overall pe
29、rformance characteristics of the ROGIDS in conditions that may be encountered in actual operations.Section 6 describes recommended test procedures for demonstrating compliance with Sections 3 and 4.Section 7 contains the operational evaluation requirements for verifying the performance of the ROGIDS
30、 when installed for in-service use. 1.1 Applications of This DocumentCompliance with this AS/MOPS ensures that the ROGIDS will satisfactorily perform its intended functions. Compliance with this AS/MOPS does not necessarily constitute compliance with regulatory requirements. Any application of this
31、document in whole or in part is the sole responsibility of the appropriate regulatory agencies. It is recommended to seek guidance from the regulatory agencies before developing any test plans or test procedures. The manufacturer should confer with the regulatory agencies to determine those tests th
32、at need to be witnessed or performed by the regulatory agencies or other acceptable entity(s) and any associated reporting requirements.The measured values of the ROGIDS performance characteristics may be a function of the method of measurement. Therefore, controlled test conditions and methods of t
33、esting are recommended in this document.Mandating and Recommendation Phrases:a. “Shall”The use of the word “shall” indicates a mandated criterion; i.e., compliance with the particular procedure or specification is mandatory and no alternative may be applied.b. “Should”The use of the word “should” (a
34、nd phrases such as, “it is recommended that”, etc.) indicates that although the procedure or criterion is regarded as the preferred option, alternative procedures, specifications, or criteria may be applied, provided that the manufacturer, installer or tester can provide information or data to adequ
35、ately support and justify the alternative. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS5681B Page 6 of 541.2 SafetyWhile the materials, methods, applications, and processes described or referenced in this procedure may involve the use of hazardous materials, this procedure does not address the hazards that may be involved
36、in such use. It is the sole responsibility of the user to ensure familiarity with the safe and proper use of any hazardous materials and processes, and to take necessary precautionary measures to ensure the health and safety of all personnel involved.1.3 Functional Description of SystemThe function
37、of ROGIDS is to detect clear ice on aircraft surfaces.ROGIDS are intended to be used during aircraft ground operations to inform the ground crew and/or the flight crew and/or a relevant system about the condition of monitored aircraft surfaces.ROGIDS make a remote measurement of a monitored surface,
38、 and may be hand held, pedestal or vehicle mounted.The ROGIDS may provide an alternative to the visual and tactile post-deicing checks required by aviation regulatory agencies, including the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Transport
39、 Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA), to determine the condition of aircraft critical surfaces in operating conditions involving freezing contamination. Approval for the use of ROGIDS as a means of performing post-deicing checks rests with the appropriate regulatory agency.In addition, the ROGIDS may also
40、supplement visual and tactile pre-deicing checks for clear ice. Approval for the use of ROGIDS as a means of performing pre-deicing checks rests with the appropriate regulatory agency.1.4 The ROGIDS should typically include:a. At least one sensor that is directly or indirectly sensitive to the physi
41、cal phenomena of aircraft icing during weather conditions consistent with ground icing operations.b. A processing unit to perform signal processing. The unit may either be integrated with or separate from the sensor(s).c. A device to provide information to the flight and/or ground crew.2. REFERENCES
42、2.1 Applicable DocumentsThe following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict betwee
43、n the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Dr
44、ive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.ARP926 Fault/Failure Analysis ProcedureARP1971 Aircraft Deicing Vehicle - Self-PropelledARP4256 Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) AircraftARP473
45、7 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing MethodsSAE INTERNATIONAL AS5681B Page 7 of 54ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and EquipmentARP5485 Endurance Time Tests for Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids SAE Type II, III, and IVARP5945 Endurance
46、Time Tests for Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids, SAE Type IAMS1424 Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluid, Aircraft, SAE Type 1AMS1428 Fluid, Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing, Non-Newtonian (Pseudoplastic), SAE Types II, III, and IVSAE J1211 Handbook for Robustness Validation of Automotive Electrical/Electronic Modu
47、lesSAE J1415 Recommended Environmental Practices for Electronic Equipment Design in Heavy-Duty Vehicle Applications2.1.2 RTCA/EUROCAE or SAE/EUROCAE PublicationsRTCA documents (DO) available from Available from EUROCAE Secretariat, 102 rue Etienne Dolet, 92240 Malakoff, France, Tel: +33 1 40 92 79 3
48、0, .EUROCAE Documents (ED) available from Available from EUROCAE Secretariat, 102 rue Etienne Dolet, 92240 Malakoff, France, Tel: +33 1 40 92 79 30, .RTCA DO-160/ED-14 Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne EquipmentRTCA DO-178/ED-12 Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and
49、 Equipment CertificationRTCA DO-216 Minimum General Specification for Ground-Based Electronic EquipmentRTCA DO-254/ED-80 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electric Hardware2.1.3 U.S. Government PublicationsFAA/FAR/AC documents available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 1-866-TELL-FAA (1-866-835-5322), www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/
