1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on thisTechnical Report, please visithttp:/standards.sae.org/AS6286/1AEROSPACESTANDARDAS6286/1Issued 2016-11Superseding ARP5149Processes Including MethodsRATIONALEThis
5、document covers the standards for training and qualifying staff related to the different aspects of deicing/anti-icing operations.In conjunction with the main document AS6286 and other related slash sheets, it will provide training and qualification standards to set up a proper training and qualific
6、ation program to deice and anti-ice aircraft on the ground. Information to support this training program is provided to make the material a better tool for the preparation and execution of the training and qualification. It is intended to provide a common basis for deicing/anti-icing training and qu
7、alification for deicingproviders and airlines. This material was compiled using various international documents with support from SAE documents and individually contributed editorial comments. Its purpose is to serve as a “Globalized Deicing Training Manual”.The document is intended to promote and d
8、evelop safe practices, effective procedures, and improved technology related to training of aircraft ground operations in winter conditions to ensure the highest possible levels of safety for passengers,flight crew, and ground personnel.It can be utilized to develop a set of commonly agreed training
9、 practices and procedures for the deicing/anti-icing of aircraft on the ground reflecting current industry best practice. It shall ensure continued compliance with all relevant standards andregulatory requirements, and shall ensure that it continues to reflect current industry best practice.FOREWORD
10、This manual is divided in two parts:1. Training and qualification standards, including the scope of training and2. Overview and background information about deicing/anti-icing procedures and related subjects.RESPONSIBILITIESIt is the responsibility of the Deicing Operator to ensure that all frozen d
11、eposits (with the possible exception of frost which may be allowed), are removed from the specified surfaces during the deicing process.COMPLIANCE WITH SPECIFIC RULES FOR AIRCRAFT DEICING/ANTI-ICING ON THE GROUND, ISSUED BY REGULATORY AVIATION AUTHORITIES, IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE USER.SAE INTER
12、NATIONAL AS6286/1 Page 2 of 39TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE41.1 Field of Application42. REFERENCES42.1 Applicable Documents 42.2 Definitions and Abbreviations .43. METHODS/PROCEDURES43.1 Inspection of Critical Surfaces 43.2 Clear Ice Precautions53.3 Flight Crew/Ground Crew Preflight Check Requirement 53
13、.4 Deice/Anti-Ice Determination 53.5 Initiation of Deicing/Anti-Icing53.6 Deice/Anti-Ice Location .63.7 Communication Prior to Deicing/Anti-Icing .63.8 General Deice/Anti-Ice Precautions63.9 Aircraft Engines Running 73.10 Propeller Aircraft .73.11 Jet Aircraft .83.12 Aircraft with Wing-Mounted Engin
14、es.83.13 Aircraft with Center-Mounted Engines 83.14 Deicing 83.14.1 Requirements83.14.2 General83.14.3 For Removal of Frost and Light Ice.93.14.4 For Removal of Snow93.14.5 For Removal of Ice93.14.6 Alternate Deicing Technologies 93.15 Anti-Icing .103.15.1 Required Usage 103.15.2 Preventative Anti-I
15、cing 103.15.3 General103.16 Deicing/Anti-Icing 113.16.1 One-Step Deicing/Anti-Icing113.16.2 Two-Step Deicing/Anti-Icing113.16.3 Guidelines for the Application of Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluids .113.17 Post Deicing/Anti-Icing Check Requirement.113.17.1 Flight Control Check123.17.2 Communications after Dei
16、cing/Anti-Icing123.17.3 Deicing/Anti-Icing Report 123.17.4 Post Deicing/Anti-Icing Check and Transmission of the Anti-Icing Code to the Flight Crew133.17.5 All Clear Signal133.17.6 Station Deicing/Anti-Icing Log.134. PRE-TAKEOFF CHECK REQUIREMENTS .144.1 Identification of Representative Surfaces .14
17、4.2 Pre-Takeoff Contamination Check Requirement 144.3 Communications After Pre-Takeoff Contamination Check .155. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS155.1 Alternative Procedures166. BACKGROUND INFORMATION166.1 Aerodynamics .166.1.1 General166.1.2 Forces Involved.16SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286/1 Page 3 of 396.1.
18、3 Basic Aerodynamics166.1.4 Aerodynamic Areas.166.1.5 Aircraft Surfaces176.1.6 How Contamination Affects Lift and Performance 176.1.7 Frost Affecting Lift .176.1.8 Frost Affecting Stall.176.1.9 Other Effects on Performance 186.1.10 Fluid Behavior on Aircraft Surfaces 186.2 Deicing/Anti-Icing Operati
19、ons .186.2.1 General186.2.2 Preliminary Work for the Start of Deicing/Anti-Icing196.2.3 Determining the Need for Deicing/Anti-Icing.196.2.4 One-Step/Two-Step Deicing/Anti-Icing .206.3 Critical Surfaces206.4 Clean Aircraft Concept226.4.1 Spray Areas 226.4.2 Aircraft Surfaces226.4.3 Other Areas.236.5
20、Spray Methods, Fluid Application, and Alternate Methods.236.5.1 Removal of Contamination246.5.2 General Fluid Application Strategy .246.5.3 Alternate Methods .256.5.4 Manual Deicing .256.5.5 Alternative Deicing/Anti-Icing Methods .266.6 Off Gate Deicing/Anti-Icing Operation.266.6.1 Airport Operation
21、s .266.6.2 Centralized/Remote Deicing/Anti-Icing .276.6.3 Aircraft Throughput .276.6.4 Air Traffic Control 286.6.5 Safety Areas286.6.6 Deicing/Anti-Icing Procedures.286.6.7 Deicing/Anti-Icing Spray and Operational Procedures .296.6.8 Pre- and Post-Deicing/Anti-Icing Checks306.6.9 Management of the C
22、entralized Deicing/Anti-Icing Operation306.7 Checks 316.7.1 Post De-/Anti-Icing Check.316.7.2 Pre-Takeoff Check 316.7.3 Clear Ice Checks and Precautions326.8 Communication .326.8.1 Deicing/Anti-Icing Communication 326.8.2 Releasing/Dispatching Aircraft and Final Walk-Around336.8.3 The Anti-Icing Cod
23、e 336.8.4 Flight Crew Information.346.8.5 Off-Gate Deicing/Anti-Icing Communication .346.8.6 Radio Telephony Phraseology356.8.7 ICAO Phraseology 366.9 Environment 376.9.1 Airport Layout and Environmental Considerations .376.9.2 Glycol Identification and Environmental Impact386.9.3 Collection and Dis
24、posal of Fluids386.9.4 Recycling of Glycol397. NOTES397.1 Revision Indicator39FIGURE 1 STATION DEICING/ANTI-ICING FORM 13SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286/1 Page 4 of 391. SCOPE1.1 Field of ApplicationThis document shall be used in conjunction with:AS6286 Training and Qualification Program for Deicing/Anti-i
25、cing of Aircraft on the GroundAS6286/2 EquipmentAS6286/3 FluidsAS6286/4 WeatherAS6286/5 Health, Safety and First AidAS6286/6 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Diagrams, No-Spray-Zones2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable DocumentsRefer to AS6286 main document Section 2 for all applicable and related publications.2.
26、2 Definitions and AbbreviationsRefer to AS6285 Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-icing Processes.3. METHODS/PROCEDURES3.1 Inspection of Critical SurfacesOperators should identify for each type of aircraft used in their operations, the critical surfaces which should be checked onpreflight, post deicing/an
27、ti-icing, and pre-takeoff contamination checks. Information from the aircraft manufacturer should be used to determine the critical surfaces for each aircraft type. Examples of this information are available in AS6286/6. Contact the aircraft manufacturer for specific information. The following is a
28、general list of critical surfaces: 3.1.1 Wings, tail, and control surfaces shall be free of frost, snow, slush, or ice. Some coating of frost may be permissible on wing tank lower surfaces cold-soaked by fuel. Ice can build up on aircraft surfaces during flight through dense clouds or precipitation.
29、 When ground OAT at the destination is low, it is possible for flaps and other moveable surfaces to be retracted and for accumulations of ice to remain undetected between stationary and moveable surfaces. It is, therefore, important that these areas are checked prior to departure and any frozen depo
30、sits removed.3.1.2 Pitot heads, static ports, airstream direction detector probes, and angle of attack sensors shall be clear of frost, snow, slush, ice, fluid residues, and protective covers.3.1.3 Engine inlets shall be clear of internal ice and snow, and fan shall be free to rotate. Under freezing
31、 fog, or other freezing precipitation conditions, it is necessary for the front and rear side on the fan blades to be checked for ice buildup prior to start-up. Any deposits discovered are to be removed by directing air from a low flow hot air source or other means recommended by the aircraft and en
32、gine manufacturer. Exceptions will be noted in the Engine Manufacturers Manual.SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286/1 Page 5 of 393.1.4 Air-conditioning inlets/exits shall be clear of frost, snow, slush, or ice. Outflow valves clear and unobstructed.3.1.5 Landing gear and landing gear doors shall be unobstructe
33、d and clear of frost, snow, slush, or ice.3.1.6 Fuel tank vents shall be clear of frost, snow, slush, or ice.3.1.7 Fuselage shall be clear of ice and snow. In accordance with the aircraft manufacturers manuals, adhering frost may be allowed. Do not close any door until all ice or snow has been remov
34、ed from the surrounding area.3.2 Clear Ice Precautions- Clear ice can form on aircraft surfaces below a layer of snow or slush.- Significant deposits of clear ice can form in the vicinity of the fuel tanks, on wing upper surfaces, as well as under wing.- Aircraft are most vulnerable in regard to thi
35、s type of buildup when one or more of the following conditions exist:a. Wing temperatures remain well below 0 C (32 F) during the turnaround transit.b. Ambient temperatures between -2 C (28 F) and 15 C (59 F) are experienced, although clear ice may form at other temperatures if conditions a, c, and
36、d exist.c. Precipitation occurs while the aircraft is on the ground.d. When frost or ice is present on lower surface of either wing.Clear ice formation is extremely difficult to detect. Therefore, when the above conditions prevail, or when there is otherwise any doubt that clear ice may have formed,
37、 a close examination shall be made prior to departure, in order to ensure that all adhering frozen deposits have in fact been removed.NOTE: Low wing temperatures associated with this type of buildup normally occur when large quantities of cold fuel remain in wing tanks during the turnaround/transit
38、and any subsequent refueling is insufficient to cause a significant increase in fuel temperature.3.3 Flight Crew/Ground Crew Preflight Check RequirementPrior to departure, conduct this check for adhering contamination on critical surfaces.3.4 Deice/Anti-Ice DeterminationDeice aircraft if any frost,
39、snow, slush, or ice is adhering to any critical surfaces.Anti-ice aircraft if there will be active frost or adhering contamination falling or blowing onto any applicable critical surfacesprior to take off.3.5 Initiation of Deicing/Anti-IcingIn the pre-departure sequence, ground deicing/anti-icing ma
40、y be initiated whenever the flight crew or ground personnel determine that deicing/anti-icing is required for safe dispatch. Typically, this would be:- On overnight aircraft, prior to the flight crews arrival.- Following a check by the flight crew and a request for deicing.SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6286/1
41、 Page 6 of 39- After a normal preflight inspection by ground personnel or the flight crew.- After the flight crew is on board the aircraft.3.6 Deice/Anti-Ice LocationDetermine if deicing/anti-icing will be performed at the gate/terminal, off-gate, or at a remote pad. When deicing/anti-icing is perfo
42、rmed away from the gate make sure that the following items are accomplished prior to departing the gate:- All APU and engine inlet/exhaust areas are free of contamination prior to start;- All doors and door seals are free of contamination prior to closing;- Windows are clean and visibility is adequa
43、te from the flight deck, if aircraft will be taxied;- Tires do not appear to be frozen to the ramp;- Passengers are informed if applicable; and- Critical sensing devices are free of contamination.3.7 Communication Prior to Deicing/Anti-IcingWhen the flight crew is onboard the aircraft the ground cre
44、w and flight crew will communicate:- Whether the aircraft needs to be deiced, anti-iced, or both, including fluids to be used,- Engine running considerations- That the aircraft is configured and crews are ready for procedure to begin.In a remote deicing/anti-icing operation, a positive communication
45、 link shall be maintained to the aircraft flight crew throughout the deicing/anti-icing process.Communication to the flight crew may be verbal or by means of Electronic Message Boards or Data Link/ACARS. In the event of conflict, verbal communication shall take precedence.Visual communications (i.e.
46、, Electronic Message Boards or Data Link/ACARS) with flight crew shall occur in the English language.Verbal communications with flight crew should occur in the English language. In states where other native languages are approved for aeronautical verbal communication, these approved native languages
47、 may be used to communicate verbally between ground crew and flight crew upon mutual agreement between both parties. However, services in the English language shall be made available upon request. Personnel who will be communicating with flight crew in the English language shall be proficient in the
48、 English language, familiar with common aviation and de/anti-icing terminology and phraseology, at a minimum level equivalent to an Operational Level 4 on the ICAO Language Proficiency Rating Scale. Additional regulatory authority certification of competency may be required and/or accepted in place
49、of the above-mentioned requirement.3.8 General Deice/Anti-Ice Precautions- The application of deicing/anti-icing fluid shall be in accordance with the requirements of the airframe/engine manufacturers, and local procedures.- With regard to HOT provided by the applied fluid, the objective is that it be equal to or greater than the estimated time from start of anti-icing to start of takeoff based on existing weather conditions.SAE I
