1、 CMH-17-4BVolume 4 of 6JULY 2013 SupersedingMIL-HDBK-17-4A 17 JUNE 2002COMPOSITE MATERIALS HANDBOOKVOLUME 4. METAL MATRIX COMPOSITESCopyright 2013 - Composite Materials Handbook 17 (CMH-17). All rights reserved. Unauthorized duplication or distribution may violate the Copyright Laws of the United St
2、ates and of other jurisdictionsPublished by SAE International on behalf of CMH-17,a division of Wichita State University.NOT MEASUREMENTSENSITIVECopyright 2013 SAE International eISBN: 978-0-7680-8059-9CMH-17-4B Volume 4, Foreword ii FOREWORD The Composite Materials Handbook, CMH-17, provides inform
3、ation and guidance necessary to design and fabricate structural components from composite materials. Its primary purposes are a) the standardi-zation of engineering data development methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and data report-ing of property data for current and emerging compos
4、ite materials, b) guidance on material and process specifications and procedures for utilization of the material data presented in the handbook, and c) meth-odologies for the design, analysis, certification, manufacture, and field support of composite structures. In support of these objectives, the
5、handbook includes composite materials properties that meet specific data requirements. The Handbook therefore constitutes an overview of the field of composites technology and engineering, an area that is advancing and changing rapidly. As a result, the document will be continually revised as sectio
6、ns are added or modified to reflect advances in the state-of-the-art. CMH-17 Mission The Composite Materials Handbook organization creates, publishes and maintains proven, reliable engi-neering information and standards, subjected to thorough technical review, to support the development and use of c
7、omposite materials and structures. CMH-17 Vision The Composite Materials Handbook will be the authoritative worldwide focal point for technical information on composite materials and structures. Goals and Objectives to Support CMH-17 Mission x To periodically meet with experts from the field to disc
8、uss critical technical issues for composite structural applications, with an emphasis on increasing overall product efficiency, quality and safe-ty. x To provide comprehensive, practical engineering guidance that has proven reliable for the design, fabrication, characterization, test and maintenance
9、 of composite materials and structures. x To provide reliable data, linked to control of processes and raw materials, thereby being a com-prehensive source of material property basis values and design information that can be shared within the industry. x To provide a resource for composite material
10、and structure education with examples, applications and references to supporting engineering work. x To establish guidelines for use of information in the Handbook, identifying the limitations of the da-ta and methods. x To provide guidance on references to proven standards and engineering practices
11、. x To provide for periodic updates to maintain the all-inclusive nature of the information. x To provide information in formats best-suited for user needs. x To serve the needs of the international composites community through meetings and dialogue be-tween member industries, which use teamwork and
12、 the diverse member engineering skills to pro-vide information for the handbook. CMH-17-4B Volume 4, Foreword iii Notes 1. Every effort has been made to reflect the latest information on polymer (organic), metal, and ce-ramic composites. The handbook is continually reviewed and revised to ensure it
13、is complete and current. 2. CMH-17 provides guidelines and material properties for polymer (organic), metal, and ceramic matrix composite materials. The first three volumes of this handbook currently focus on, but are not limited to, polymeric composites intended for aircraft and aerospace vehicles.
14、 Metal matrix composites (MMC), ceramic matrix composites (CMC) including carbon-carbon composites (C-C), and sandwich composites are covered in Volumes 4, 5, and 6, respectively. 3. The information contained in this handbook was obtained from materials producers, industry companies and experts, rep
15、orts on Government sponsored research, the open literature, and by contract with research laboratories and those who participate in the CMH-17 coordination activity. The information in this handbook has undergone vigorous technical review and was subject to membership vote. 4. Beneficial comments (r
16、ecommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: CMH-17 Secretariat, Materials Sciences Corporation, 135 Rock Road, Horsham, PA 19044, by letter or email, hand-bookmaterials-. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Volunteer committee membe
17、rs from government, industry, and academia develop, coordinate and review all the information provided in this handbook. The time and effort of the volunteers and the support of their respective departments, companies, and universities make it possible to insure the handbook reflects completeness, a
18、ccuracy, and state-of-the-art composite technology. Support necessary for the development and maintenance of the Composite Materials Handbook (CMH-17) are provided by the handbook Secretariat, Materials Sciences Corporation. The primary source of funding for the current Secretariat contract is the F
19、ederal Aviation Administration. CMH-17-4B Volume 4, Table of Contents PARAGRAPH PAGE iv TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ii SUMMARY OF CHANGES . xiii 1. GUIDELINES 1 1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1.2 PURPOSE . 1 1.1.3 SCOPE 1 1.1.3.1 Section 1: Guidelines 2 1.1.3.2 Section 2: Design Gu
20、idelines for Metal Matrix Materials 3 1.1.3.3 Section 3: Material property data 3 1.1.4 USE OF THE DOCUMENT AND LIMITATIONS . 3 1.1.4.1 Source of information 3 1.1.4.2 Use of data and guidelines in applications 3 1.1.4.3 Strength properties and allowables terminology 4 1.1.4.4 Use of references 4 1.
21、1.4.5 Use of tradenames and product names 4 1.1.4.6 Toxicity, health hazards, and safety . 4 1.1.4.7 Ozone depleting chemicals 4 1.1.5 APPROVAL PROCEDURES . 5 1.1.6 SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYSTEMS OF UNITS . 5 1.1.6.1 Symbols and abbreviations 5 1.1.6.1.1 Constituent properties 11 1.1.6.1.2 Lami
22、nae and laminates 11 1.1.6.1.3 Subscripts . 12 1.1.6.1.4 Superscripts 13 1.1.6.1.5 Acronyms 13 1.1.6.2 Material system codes . 15 1.1.6.3 System of units 15 1.1.7 DEFINITIONS . 17 REFERENCES . 31 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO MMC MATERIALS . 32 1.2.1 INTRODUCTION. 32 1.2.2 MMC SYSTEMS 32 1.2.2.1 Systems defin
23、itions 32 1.2.2.2 Distinction from other materials/composites 32 1.2.3 MATRIX MATERIALS 32 1.2.3.1 Role of matrix materials . 33 1.2.3.2 Forms of matrix materials 33 1.2.3.3 Types of matrix materials . 34 1.2.3.3.1 Aluminum 34 1.2.3.3.2 Copper 36 1.2.3.3.3 Iron . 36 1.2.3.3.4 Magnesium . 36 1.2.3.3.
24、5 Nickel 36 1.2.3.3.6 Titanium 36 1.2.4 REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS 36 1.2.4.1 Types of reinforcement 37 CMH-17-4B Volume 4, Table of Contents PARAGRAPH PAGE v 1.2.4.2 Role of reinforcement 37 1.2.4.3 Composition of reinforcement 37 1.2.5 REINFORCEMENT COATINGS . 37 1.2.5.1 Role of coatings . 37 1.2.5.2
25、 Types of coatings . 38 1.2.6 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES . 38 1.2.6.1 Overview and general information . 38 1.2.6.2 Assembly and consolidation 38 1.2.6.2.1 Powder blending and consolidation 38 1.2.6.2.2 Consolidation diffusion bonding 39 1.2.6.2.3 Vapor deposition . 39 1.2.6.2.4 Squeeze casting and squ
26、eeze infiltration . 39 1.2.6.2.5 Spray deposition . 39 1.2.6.2.6 Slurry casting (compocasting) 40 1.2.6.2.7 Reactive processing (in-situ composites) . 40 1.2.6.3 Thermomechanical processing 40 1.2.6.4 Near net shape manufacturing processes . 40 1.2.7 PRODUCT FORMS 40 1.2.7.1 Intermediate . 40 1.2.7.
27、2 Standard 40 1.2.7.3 Selectively reinforced components 40 1.2.8 SECONDARY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 40 1.2.8.1 Overview and general information . 40 1.2.8.2 Forming 40 1.2.8.3 Machining 41 1.2.8.4 Joining . 41 1.2.8.4.1 Qualitative assessment for MMC joining methods . 41 1.2.8.4.1.1Qualitative perfor
28、mance assessment . 41 1.2.8.4.1.2Joint adaptability, applications and selection 41 1.2.8.4.2 Potential issues in joining MMCs 42 1.2.8.4.2.1Solidification effects . 43 1.2.8.4.2.2Chemical reactions. 43 1.2.8.4.2.3Joint preparation 43 1.2.8.4.2.4Post-joining heat treatment 43 1.2.8.4.3 Classification
29、 and discussion of selected joining methods . 43 1.2.8.4.3.1Inertia friction (IF) welding 43 1.2.8.4.3.2Friction stir (FS) welding 44 1.2.8.4.3.3Ultrasonic (US) welding 44 1.2.8.4.3.4Diffusion bonding (DFB) . 45 1.2.8.4.3.5Laser beam (LB) welding . 45 1.2.8.4.3.6Electron beam (EB) welding . 45 1.2.8
30、.4.3.7Gas-tungsten arc (GTA) welding 45 1.2.8.4.3.8Gas-metal arc (GMA) welding 46 1.2.8.4.3.9Resistance spot (RS) welding 46 1.2.8.4.3.10Capacitor discharge (CD) welding . 46 1.2.8.4.3.11Brazing (BZ) . 46 1.2.8.4.3.12Soldering (SD) 47 1.2.8.4.3.13Adhesive bonding (AB) 47 1.2.8.4.3.14Mechanical faste
31、ning (MF) . 47 1.2.8.4.3.15Cast-insert joining (CI) . 47 1.2.8.4.3.16Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding 47 1.2.8.4.3.17Rapid infrared (RI) joining 48 1.2.8.5 Thermal treatment 48 1.2.8.6 Coatings and surface treatments . 48 1.2.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE 48 CMH-17-4B Volume 4, Table of Contents PARAGRAPH
32、 PAGE vi 1.2.9.1 Constituents . 48 1.2.9.2 Preform 48 1.2.9.3 Final product 48 1.2.9.4 Statistical process control 48 1.2.10 REPAIR . 48 1.2.10.1 In-process 48 1.2.10.2 In-service . 48 REFERENCES . 49 1.3 TEST PLANS FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 51 1.3.1 INTRODUCTION. 51 1.3.1.1 Objective 51 1.3.1.
33、2 Classes of data 51 1.3.2 REQUIREMENTS . 51 1.3.2.1 Test method selection 51 1.3.2.2 Test conditions selection 52 1.3.2.3 Specimen number and sampling . 52 1.3.2.4 Specimen preparation 53 1.3.2.5 Data documentation Requirements Checklist . 58 1.3.3 MATERIALS PEDIGREE . 64 1.3.3.1 Reinforcement . 64
34、 1.3.3.2 Reinforcement sizing . 64 1.3.3.3 Reinforcement coatings . 64 1.3.3.4 Matrix . 64 1.3.3.5 Intermediate forms characterization 64 1.3.3.5.1 Metallized fibers 64 1.3.3.5.2 Monotapes 64 1.3.3.5.3 Lamina other than monotapes 64 1.3.3.5.4 Specialized forms . 64 1.3.3.6 Composite materials 64 1.3
35、.4 CONTINUOUS FIBER REINFORCED MMC CONSTITUENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES . 65 1.3.4.1 Static property data classes . 65 1.3.4.1.1 Screening data . 65 1.3.4.1.2 Mean data . 65 1.3.4.1.3 Fully approved data 65 1.3.4.2 Composite fatigue properties tests 67 1.3.4.3 Composite thermal mechanical tests . 67 1.3.
36、4.4 Composite physical properties tests 68 1.3.4.5 Intermediate forms characterization 68 1.3.4.5.1 Metallized fibers 69 1.3.4.5.2 Monotapes 69 1.3.4.5.3 Lamina other than monotapes 69 1.3.4.5.4 Specialized forms . 69 1.3.4.6 Constituent characterization 69 1.3.4.6.1 Fiber properties tests 69 1.3.4.
37、6.2 Matrix 70 1.3.5 DISCONTINUOUS REINFORCED MMC such data are needed by material suppliers, engineering users, and system end-users alike. Since the inherent properties of materials are independent of specific applications, data development methodologies and material property data are applicable to
38、 a wide variety of industries; they also form much of the technical basis for establishment of statistically-based design values acceptable to procuring or certifying agencies.1This evaluation of the inherent properties of com-posite materials, as shown in Figure 1.1.1, is the focus of CMH-17. 1.1.2
39、 PURPOSE The primary purpose of CMH-17 Volume 4 is the standardization of engineering data development methodologies related to characterization testing, data reduction, and data reporting of properties for metal matrix composite materials. In support of this objective CMH-17 Volume 4 publishes prop
40、erties on composite material systems for which data meeting specific requirements is available. In addition, CMH-17 provides selected guidance on other technical topics related to composites, including material selection, material specification, material processing, design, analysis, quality control
41、, and repair of typical metal matrix composite materials. Thus, CMH-17 is published in three major sections, and serves as a source for the following: x Section 1 - Guidelines: Documents material characterization data development methodology guidelines adaptable to a wide variety of needs, as well a
42、s specific requirements to be met by data published in the handbook. Most procuring and certifying agencies prefer, and some may require, that composite material systems used in critical applications either be characterized in accord-ance with Section 1 guidelines or selected from material systems p
43、ublished in Section 3. x Section 2 Design Guidelines for Metal Matrix Materials: This section provides guidance on sta-tistical analysis of metal matrix composite data. In addition, methodologies and recommendations for design, modeling, joining, structural reliability, and repair are given. x Secti
44、on 3 - Material Property Data: Provides a repository of potential design data. The docu-mented property summaries for material systems provide data meeting the criteria for any of the two CMH-17 data documentation classes, screening and fully approved. 1.1.3 SCOPE Volume 4 of CMH-17 serves as a gene
45、ral Reference source for technical information on metal matrix composites, including: 1An example of a procuring agency is a branch of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). An example of a certifying agency is an office of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). CMH-17-4B Volume 4, Section 1 Guid
46、elines 2 CMH-17 MATRIX MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION FIBER CHARACTERIZATION INTERMEDIATE FORMSEVALUATION COMPOSITE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION NOTCHED/DAMAGED COMPOSITE EVALUATION JOINTEVALUATION DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN VALUES CERTIFICATION OF THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE FIGURE 1.1.1 Focus of CMH-17
47、 Volume 4 indicated by shaded block. 1.1.3.1 Section 1: Guidelines This Volume contains guidelines for determining the properties of composite material systems, their constituents, and generic structural elements, including test planning, test matrices, sampling, condition-ing, test procedure select
48、ion, data reporting, data reduction, statistical analysis, and other related topics. Special attention is given to the statistical treatment and analysis of data. Section 1 contains guidelines for general development of material characterization data as well as specific requirements for publication
49、of metal matrix composite material data in CMH-17. It must be emphasized that this handbook differentiates between material basis values (material al-lowables) and design allowable values. Material basis values, being an intrinsic property of a composite material system, are the focus of this handbook. Design allowable values, while often rooted in material basis values, are application dependent, and consider and include specific additional considerations that CMH-17-4B Volume
