1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001STANDARDSubmitted for recognition as an American National StandardJ1741I
4、SSUEDJUN1999Issued 1999-06Discriminating Back-Up Alarm System StandardForewordThis document is intended for use as a test procedure, to enable qualification of a Discriminating Back-Up Alarm System installed on an of-road, self-propelled, work machine, as defined by SAE J1116, limited tocategories:
5、(a) Construction, and (b) General purpose industrial.The systems described within are intended to supplement the machines warning equipment and operatingprocedures and not replace them.1. ScopeThis SAE Standard describes methods for evaluating the performance of the systems detectiondevice, the mini
6、mum detection areas behind the machine, the visual and audible information presented to theoperator and ground personnel, and the systems fault detection requirements. Also included are operatorsystem function tests and maintenance procedures.1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this document is to establish p
7、erformance requirements for a Discriminating Back-Up Alarm System.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAva
8、ilable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-001.SAEJ833Human Physical DimensionsSAE J994AlarmBackupElectric Laboratory Performance TestingSAE J1116Categories of Off-Road Self-Propelled Work MachinesSAEJ1446On-Machine Alarm Test and Evaluation Procedure for Construction and General
9、PurposeIndustrial Machinery2.1.2 FEDERAL PUBLICATIONU. S. Government, DOD SSP, Subscription Service Division, Building 4D, 700Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.Federal Register CFR 30 Part 77.410Mobile EquipmentAutomatic Warning Devices2.1.3 ISO PUBLICATIONAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd
10、 Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.ISO 5006Earth-moving machineryOperators field of viewSAE J1741 Issued JUN1999-2-2.2 Related PublicationThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1 ISO PUBLICATIONAvailable from ANSI, 11 West
11、42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.ISO 9533Earth-moving machineryMachine-mounted forward and reverse audible warning alarmSound test method3. Definitions3.1 Detection TimeTime required for discriminating back-up alarm system to detect an object or person in thedetection zone and activate all warni
12、ng systems.3.2 Discriminating Back-Up Alarm SystemA system which causes a back-up alarm to sound only if an objector person is within the detection zone.3.3 Free-FieldA level area with no vertical reflecting surface within the detection zone being tested.3.4 Hazard Zone(Danger Zone) includes Operato
13、r Masked Zone and Detection Zone, see Figure 1.3.5 Machine WidthMaximum width of machine including wheels or tracks and rear-mounted attachments.3.6 ObjectSolid body similar in size or larger than test body.3.7 Operator Masked Zone(s)Area to the rear of the machine which is obscured by part(s) of th
14、e machine fromthe operators view including the use of rear view mirrors. (As defined in ISO 5006.) Operators size beingsmall as defined by SAE J833.3.8 Detection ZoneArea to the rear of the machine within which an object or person moving or stationary will bedetected by the discriminating back-up al
15、arm system, see Figure 1.3.9 SensorA device which senses the presence of a person or object within the detection zone.3.10 Test BodyPerson or object that will provide equivalent results, not exceeding dimensions in Figure 2,dressed in long sleeve shirt and long pants of heavy felt cloth, sitting. (S
16、ee Figure 2.)3.11 Travel ModeMode when machine exceeds 15 km/h.3.12 Zone DepthLength of detection zone, measured from rear of machine on zero axis.4. General Comments4.1 The sensing system must be capable of meeting the requirements of this document under all anticipatedenvironmental conditions (e.g
17、., rain, snow, dust, high wind, etc.). Sensing method must not pose healthhazards to the ground worker or test person.5. Detection of Zone Type Selection5.1 SelectionThe selection of the correct zone for a machine type will be made based on the depth of theoperator masked zone, maximum rearward spee
18、d of the machine, intended use of the equipment, or anycombination of these and other equipment specific factors. Note that in some cases, the operator maskedzone may extend out to infinity. In these cases, the maximum depth detection ZONE 4 must be used to allowfor the maximum possible advance warn
19、ing.SAE J1741 Issued JUN1999-3-FIGURE 1DETECTION ZONESSAE J1741 Issued JUN1999-4-FIGURE 2TEST BODY DIMENSIONS5.2 Measuring Zone DepthThe zone depth is measured from the rearmost point on the basic machine, with noimplements, along the machines longitudinal centerline.5.3 Minimum Zone DepthMinimum zo
20、ne depth must equal or exceed the operators masked zone depth, ordefault to ZONE 4 calculated as follows in Equation 1:(Eq. 1)where:C = Detection zone depth in metersW = Walking Speed = 1.34 m/sD = Distance to clear moving machine = 1/2 width of machine in metersR = Human reaction time = 2 sS = Mach
21、ine rearward speed in km/hV = S/3.6 = machine rearward speed in m/sMinimum distance behind the machine to activate the alarm = rate x time5.4 Detection Zone ShapeDetection zone shape to be a truncated fan, with the base of the fan equal to themachine width including tires or track, and a fan-out ang
22、le of 5 degrees from the perpendicular to the rear ofthe machine, beginning from the corners of the overall machine width points. (See Figures 1 and 3.)CDWR+()V=SAE J1741 Issued JUN1999-5-FIGURE 3DETECTION ZONE BEHIND MACHINE6. Detection ZonesThe detection zones in Table 1 are incorporated into this
23、 specification. (See Figure 1.)7. SystemThe system will consist of the following elements.7.1 SensorsA sensor/detection system for the specific Zone type.7.2 In-Cab AnnunciatorsCab installed audible and visual operator annunciators.7.3 Back-Up AlarmExternal back-up alarm mounted on the machine so as
24、 to meet the requirements of SAEJ1446.TABLE 1DETECTION ZONES(1)1. Tolerance of 10% for zone depth and pulse rate.ZoneTypeDetectionZoneDepth(Meters)In-CabOperatorAudibleAlarm(s)Pulse/sBack-UpAlarmLeveldB(A) at 1.2 mper SAE J9944 16 1 1123 8 1 1122 4 2 1071 2 4 102SAE J1741 Issued JUN1999-6-7.4 Wiring
25、Interconnecting wiring and cabling as required for installation.7.5 Combining FunctionsElements may be combined or consolidated into different physical modules providedthe discrete functions of the elements are present in the overall system and function as specified.7.6 Sensor System7.6.1 Sensor sys
26、tems shall be capable of 100% detection of the test body as defined in 9.4 for their specified zone,when tested in accordance with 9.5. Inadvertent activation of the alarms shall be less than 10% when testedin accordance with 9.6.7.6.2 SENSOR LOCATIONSensors shall be located as required to fulfill t
27、he detection zone requirements.7.6.3 Detection time for the sensor to detect and energize the appropriate annunciator shall be 200 ms maximum.7.7 Cab Installed Operator Warning Signals7.7.1 AUDIBLE WARNING SIGNALS IN-CABa. The in-cab warning signal shall be audible under all anticipated working cond
28、itions. More than onewarning signal may be used if multiple detection zones are employed.b. Operator audible alarm shall activate only when reverse gear is engaged and will sound with the pulserate synchronized with the operator visual warning light upon detection.7.7.2 VISUAL WARNING SIGNALS IN-CAB
29、a. The in-cab warning signal shall be yellow, mounted in direct view of the operator, and be visible indirect sunlight. More than one warning signal may be used if multiple detection zones are employed.b. A green system status light shall be provided to inform the operator that the system is powered
30、 andfunctional.7.8 External Back-Up Alarm7.8.1 The back-up alarm selected for use with the Discrimination System and machine, shall have been qualifiedfor use on the machine by having met the performance requirements of SAE J994, and on-machineinstallation shall conform to SAE J1446.7.8.2 The back-u
31、p alarm shall sound within 10 ms of being activated.7.8.3 When reverse gear is selected, the back-up alarm shall be activated for a minimum of 3 s or 2 beeps.7.8.4 In reverse gear when an object is detected, the back-up alarm shall activate.7.8.5 In reverse exceeding 15 km/h, the back-up alarm shall
32、 activate.8. Function of the System8.1 The Discriminating Back-up Alarm System shall be activated under the following conditions (see Table 2):a. Machine is in reverse modeb. The machine travel speed is at or below 15 km/hc. Operator warning devices shall be activated only upon object detection with
33、in the prescribed zoneSAE J1741 Issued JUN1999-7-8.2 The external back-up alarm shall, as a minimum, be activated under the following conditions:a. For a minimum of 2 s, upon selecting the machines reverse travel mode from neutral or forward travelmodesb. The machines travel speed exceeds 15 km/h8.3
34、 Travel ModeIn reverse, exceeding 15 km/h, the system shall shift into a “travel mode.” During this travelmode, the external back-up alarm will be activated continuously. In this mode, the internal audible and visualoperator annunciators will only activate if an object is detected in the detection z
35、one.8.4 Monitoring ModeThe system shall be powered and monitoring when the machine engine is running.During this monitoring mode, the in-cab annunciators are active regardless of the direction of movement.8.5 Active ModeThe system shall be active at selection of reverse gear and will sound the machi
36、nes externalback-up alarm for a minimum of 2 s.8.6 System Check Mode(s)8.6.1 POWER-UP MONITORINGUpon starting the machine, the system shall self-test for function and confirm by ashort audible signal, followed by an in-cab steady green status indicator light. The system check shall beautomatic on po
37、wer-up.8.6.2 OPERATOR TEST MODEAn operator test mode will be provided by the system manufacturer, allowing theoperator to exit the cab and walk around the rear of the machine to confirm proper system operation asdemonstrated by activation of the external backup alarm when the operator is in the dete
38、ction zone.8.6.3 PERMANENT MONITORINGThe warning system shall have a permanent monitoring capability with thefollowing minimum requirements:8.6.3.1 Optical/Audible Failure SIgnal if the Operation of the System is ImpairedA system malfunction will resultin:a. Operating status indication light (green)
39、 flashing at 2 Hz (0.5 Hz)b. All in-cab warning signals being activated at maximum pulse repetition ratec. External alarm(s) activated whenever the machine is in reverse gearTABLE 2OPERATING MATRIXREFER TO APPLICABLE SECTION FOR DETAILED OPERATING CHARACTERISTICSMachine ConditionOperatorYellowWarnin
40、g LightOperatorAudible In-CabAlarmExternalBack-UpAlarmOperatorGreen StatusLightEngine Off Off Off Off OffEngine Running Sensing Off Off OnMachine Forward Gear Sensing Off Off OnMachine Reverse at 15 km/h or less Sensing Sensing Sensing OnSystem Malfunction Forward On Max Rate On Max Rate On Flashing
41、System Malfunction Reverse On Max Rate On Max Rate On FlashingSAE J1741 Issued JUN1999-8-8.6.3.2 Minimum Monitoring Requirementsa. Each wire between the electronic control unit, in-cab display and the sensor(s) should be monitoredfor:1. Wire break2. Short circuit3. Correct operation of the system9.
42、Test Procedures9.1 Tests should be performed with major attachments mounted in a normal carry position on the machine toreflect the actual configuration during rearward travel on the worksite.9.2 It is recommended that persons technically trained and experienced in general test techniques select the
43、 testinstrumentation and conduct these tests.9.3 Test AreaDuring all tests, all personnel should be forward of the rear of the machine, away from thedetection zone. Test area should be open space with machine on a smooth surface and no significant physicalobjects within 5 machine lengths. No special
44、 test instrumentation is required.9.4 Test Body RequirementsA test body with dimensions not exceeding a small person as defined by SAEJ833, black felt covered, in sitting position. (See Figure 2.)9.5 Object Detection Tests100% detection is required. Static position the test body sequentially at 500
45、mmcenters along each of the zone maximum detection range lines for which the system is being tested and atpoints 500 mm away from the rear of the rearmost part of the machine, 1 m from the rearmost part of themachine then at 1 m intervals outward. Detection must occur for all points. If the system f
46、ails to detect alocation, move the test body 70 mm to the left or right and retest. If detection then occurs, the system isconsidered to have detected at that point. (See Figure 2.)9.6 Inadvertent Detection Tests 9.6.1 Place the test body 2 m outside the 5 degree fan along the left and right detecti
47、on zones sequentially startingat 500 mm from the rear of the machine then at 1 m and extending in 1 m increments away from the machineparallel to the respective edge of the detection zone. Log the number of locations and the number ofdetections.9.6.2 Place a 1.2 m x 2.4 m sheet of 12 mm plywood at t
48、wice the selected zone depth perpendicular to the groundon the machines centerline and facing the rear of the machine with the short edge against the ground. Thesystem should not detect this object. Move the sheet 10 m to the left and right of the centerline and test. Thesystem shall not detect this
49、 object.9.6.3 Place 5 cinder/concrete blocks minimum dimensions 200 x 200 x 400 mm with the long edge on the groundin a line parallel to the rear face of the machine at the center of the detection zone. This simulates curbs andstones. Detection must not occur.9.6.4 The system is deemed to have passed the inadvertent detection if the object was detected in fewer than 10%of the locations.PREPARED BY THE SAE CONSTRUCTION AND AGRICULTURALBACKUP/FORWARD ALARM SUBCOMMITTEE OF THESAE CONSTRUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL SOUND LEVEL TEC
