1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1997 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTSubmitted for recognition as an American National Stand
4、ardJ2119REAF.OCT1997Issued 1993-06Reaffirmed 1997-10Superseding J2119 JUN93MANUAL CONTROLS FOR MATURE DRIVERS1. ScopeSince little data exists to provide appropriate values for control parameters that would be appropriatefor mature drivers, the following recommendations are of a general nature. Howev
5、er, they are based upon thecurrent understanding of the aging processes that characterize mature drivers.Notwithstanding the lack of an extensive amount of data in this field, the dissemination of this SAE InformationReport is considered to be appropriate and timely in light of the large increase in
6、 the number of mature driverson the public roads, and because of the need to at least initiate efforts toward developing an information reportcovering this issue.It is realized that there may be cases where specific recommendations may conflict with vehicle packagingand/or operational requirements.
7、Deviation from the recommendations may be necessary and permissible toachieve the best overall system performance.A “mature“ driver is defined as one who is over the age of 50 since visual changes become noticeable at aboutthis age. Degenerative cognitive and skeletal changes visually become more ap
8、parent at a later age(Reference1).2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein.1. Pike, J. A., “The Elderly and Vehicle-Related Injury,“ Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE #8817532. Murrell, K. F. H., “Ergonomics
9、,“ Chapman see Figure 1). Since the focal lengthof the “reading“ lens is about 40 cm (16 in) but that of the far lens begins about 200 to 300 cm (79 to 118 in),control systems that are located between these distances often will be less well defined for mature drivers.This is especially true for cont
10、rols used in entertainment and climate control systems.FIGURE 1AVERAGE ACCOMMODATION VERSUS AGESAE J2119 Reaffirmed OCT1997-3-3.1.1 RECOMMENDATIONSa. Maximize the sizes of the controls to the greatest extent possible. Pushbuttons and knobs should beat least 12.5 mm (0.5 in) in diameter (References 2
11、, 3, and 4).b. Legends that accompany controls can be made more readable by maximizing their sizes. A simple buteffective formula to determine a suitable size is the so-called “James Bond“ rule (Reference 5), inwhich(Eq. 1)where:H is the height of the charactersD is the viewing distance, expressed i
12、n the same units of distance as HNOTE The author of this rule also has suggested changing 0.007 to 0.008 for older adults which wouldbe preferred if space allows.c. Legends should be presented both in upper and lower case to improve their readability (Reference 6).d. Characters should have a height-
13、to-width ratio of at least 2:1 (Reference 7).3.2 Contrast SensitivityThe ability to visually separate a foreground scene from its background graduallydeteriorates for mature drivers. This will hamper their ability to discern key controls. This being the case, othermeans of detection should be emphas
14、ized.3.2.1 RECOMMENDATIONSa. The differences in reflectance, luminance, and/or color between a control surface and its surroundshould be maximized to the greatest extent possible.b. Differences in the shapes, sizes, hues, etc., of individual controls should be utilized to make it easierfor the matur
15、e driver to locate them, and to distinguish one control from an adjacent control.c. Legends that accompany controls should be lighted if feasible. Legend brightness should beadjustable to minimize glare that may occur under very dark road conditions.d. For daylight conditions (legends being unlighte
16、d), legends should be presented in light colors (e.g.,white, yellow, or light grey, etc.) while the surrounds of the legends should be as dark as possible.3.3 Light Transfer CapabilityIn general, mature drivers will have more difficulty discerning controls under lowlight conditions because less ligh
17、t reaches the retinas of their eyes. For example, the retinas of the eyes of a60-year-old person typically will experience only one-third the light of a 20-year-old person under identicallighting conditions (Reference 8).3.3.1 RECOMMENDATIONSa. Controls should be illuminated directly if feasible.b.
18、Controls should be given highly reflective surfaces so that they can reflect ambient and stray lightwithin the vehicle, and their reflectance value should differ from that of the surround.c. Controls should have distinctive sizes and/or shapes that would be easily recognizable by touch.d. Legends sh
19、ould be backlit if possible.4. Changes in Cognition Due to AgingAs adults age, they experience a gradual decline in the rate at whichthey process complex information. For this (and other) reasons, changes in cognitive ability should beconsidered in the design of controls. Gerontological studies have
20、 found that the operation of controls improvesif the formats used are clear, uncluttered, and unambiguous, and the operations are kept simple (Reference 9).H 0.007D=SAE J2119 Reaffirmed OCT1997-4-4.1 Recommendationsa. Controls and their operation should neither be presented in a visually complex man
21、ner nor require thememorization of a series of steps to operate them.b. Control systems should be presented in a clear, uncluttered format, their operations simplified andunambiguous.c. Controls should provide good visual feedback.5. Physical Changes Due to AgingPhysical changes in mature adults are
22、 manyfold and, as a general rule,affect movement and strength. Examples abound: chronic arthritis, loss of muscular strength (such as handgrip strengthFigure 2), finger dexterity, etc. It is often the case that mature drivers are uncomfortable withcontrols that are difficult to grasp, have high actu
23、ating force levels or large ranges of motion, or require smalland/or intricate motor adjustments.Once grasping a control knob, mature adults with arthritic hands tend to rotate them using their wrists andarms because of the difficulty they have in moving their fingers. Such large movements require m
24、ore openspace in the region surrounding the control.FIGURE 2GRIP STRENGTH VERSUS AGE5.1 Recommendationsa. Large size controls are preferred to smaller ones, and they should not require “tight“ grasping,pinching, or excessive twisting (Reference 10).b. Controls that in the past have called for finger
25、tip pull operations such as hood, seat belt, brake andglove box door releases should provide a minimum of 38.1 mm clearance for fingertip grasp(Reference 11).c. Ample clear space should be provided for movement of the hand and arm when designing controls thatrotate.SAE J2119 Reaffirmed OCT1997-5-6.
26、CommentsThis document provides a rudimentary discussion of the needs of older adults supplemented byrecommendations for developing controls based upon these needs. In the absence of more thorough studiesand until better data is developed, these recommendations provide basic guidelines for designing
27、controls.Since the number of design recommendations is so limited, it would be advantageous to evaluate forthcomingdesigns of controls among suitable panels of mature users in order to establish, within laboratory or field tests,the suitability of such controls for use by mature drivers.The importan
28、ce of designing controls for use by mature drivers should not be overlooked. Experience hasshown that in other areas such as that of designing equipment for use in the home, those designs that areoriented to the needs of mature adults generally are of a positive benefit to other age groups as well.
29、Thus, theopportunity exists for the vehicle designer to improve controls to benefit the entire driving population whileaddressing the specific needs of mature drivers.PREPARED BY THE SAE MATURE DRIVERS STANDARDS COMMITTEESAE J2119 Reaffirmed OCT1997RationaleNot applicable.Relationship of SAE Standar
30、d to ISO StandardNot applicable.ApplicationSince little data exists to provide appropriate values for control parameters that would beappropriate for mature drivers, the following recommendations are of a general nature. However, theyare based upon the current understanding of the aging processes th
31、at characterize mature drivers.Notwithstanding the lack of an extensive amount of data in this field, the dissemination of this SAEInformation Report is considered to be appropriate and timely in light of the large increase in the numberof mature drivers on the public roads, and because of the need
32、to at least initiate efforts towarddeveloping an information report covering this issue.It is realized that there may be cases where specific recommendations may conflict with vehiclepackaging and/or operational requirements. Deviation from the recommendations may be necessaryand permissible to achi
33、eve the best overall system performance.A “mature“ driver is defined as one who is over the age of 50 since visual changes become noticeable atabout this age. Degenerative cognitive and skeletal changes visually become more apparent at a laterage (Reference1).Reference Section1. Pike, J. A., “The El
34、derly and Vehicle-Related Injury,“ Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE #8817532. Murrell, K. F. H., “Ergonomics,“ Chapman & Hall, London, 19653. Woodson, W. E., “Human Factors Design Handbook,“ McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 19814. Bradley, James V., “Optimum Knob Crowding,“ Human Factors, Jun
35、e 19695. Smith, S. L., “Letter Size and Legibility,“ Human Factors, 21, 6, December 19796. Pirkel, J. J. and Babic, A. L., (Chart) Generic Guidelines, Syracuse University, 19887.Green, P., “Ergonomics of Automotive Displays,“ SPIE/ESD International Symposium on OpticalEngineering and Industrial Sens
36、ing for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Dearborn, MI, June19888. Weale, R. A., “The Aging Eye,“ H. K. Lewis, London, 19639.Schieber, F., Fozard, J. L., Gordon-Salant, S., and Weiffenbach, J. M., “Optimizing Sensation andPerception in Older Adults,“ International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics
37、, 7, 133-162, 199110. “Ease: Education in Aging for Scientists and Engineers,“ American Society on Aging (undated)11. Koncelik, A. J., “Aging and the Product Environment,“ Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsberg,198212. Schmidt, I. and Connolly, P. L., “Visual Considerations of Man, the Vehicle,
38、 and the Highway,“ SAEReport SP-279, 196613.Kallman, D. A., Plato, C. C., and Tobin, J. D., “The Role of Muscle Loss in the Age-Related Decline ofGrip-Strength: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Perspectives,“ Journal of Gerontology, 45, 3,M820-88, 1990Developed by the SAE Mature Drivers Standards Committee
