1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma
3、y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2281_201003SURFACEVEHICLEINFORMATIONREPORTJ2281 MAR2010 Issued 1997-05 Revised 2010-03 Supersedin
5、g J2281 MAY1997 Selecting and Specifying Hot-Rolled Steel Bar Products RATIONALESAE J418: Cancelled by SAE, inserted ASTM E 112 as substitute. ASTM A 255: The title of the specification was changed by ASTM. ASTM A 108: The title of the specification was changed by ASTM. ASTM A 331: Withdrawn by ASTM
6、, replaced by ASTM A 108. ASTM A 535: Withdrawn by ASTM, no replacement. SAE J416: Cancelled by SAE, ASTM E 8 is already listed in this spec. 4.1.3: Inserted “globular” before oxides to clarify D-types. 5.5.1: Removed reference to cancelled SAE spec. J416. 5.6: Deleted “lamps” and replaced with “lap
7、s.” 5.7.1: Corrected spelling to “austenite”, deleted SAE J418, corrected “ASTM E 12” to ASTM E 112. 5.7.1.1 Deleted SAE J418. 1. SCOPE This SAE Information Report relates to hot-rolled steel bar products. It is intended as a guideline to assist in the selectionand specification of hot-rolled steel
8、bar; however, it is not to be interpreted as a material specification in itself. 1.1 Purpose To provide general information about steel bar products and to provide a guideline for their selection and specification. 1.2 Field of Application This document may be used as a guideline for the selection,
9、specification, and ordering of steel bar products and as a reference and an educational document. It is intended for use by material, design, and product engineers, purchasing and material-control personnel, and educators. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Publications The following publications form a p
10、art of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. SAE J2281 Revised MAR2010 Page 2 of 102.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323
11、(inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J401 Selection and Use of Steels SAE J403 Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon Steels SAE J404 Chemical Compositions of SAE Alloy Steels SAE J406 Methods of Determining Hardenability of Steels SAE J411 Carbon and Alloy Steels SAE
12、J412 General Characteristics and Heat Treatments of Steels SAE J413 Mechanical Properties of Heat Treated Wrought Steels SAE J416 Tensile Test Specimens SAE J417 Hardness Tests and Hardness Number Conversions SAE J419 Methods of Measuring Decarburization SAE J420 Magnetic Particle Inspection SAE J42
13、2 Microscopic Determination of Inclusions in Steels SAE J423 Methods of Measuring Case Depth SAE J425 Electromagnetic Testing by Eddy Current Methods SAE J428 Ultrasonic Inspection SAE J1081 Potential Standard Steels SAE J1099 Technical Report on Low Cycle Fatigue Properties Ferrous and Non-Ferrous
14、Materials SAE J1123 Leaf Springs for Motor Vehicle SuspensionMade to Metric Units SAE J1268 Hardenability Bands for Carbon and Alloy H Steels SAE J1397 Estimated Mechanical Properties and Machinability of Steel Bars SAE J1868 Restricted Hardenability Bands for Selected Alloy Steels SAE J1975 Case Ha
15、rdenability of Carburized Steels 2.1.2 ANSI Publication Available from ANSI, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org.ANSI B 32.4-1980 Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, Rectangle, and Hexagon Metal Products SAE J2281 Revised MAR2010 Page 3 of 102.1.3 ASTM
16、 Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM A 29/A 29M Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought and Cold-Finished, General Requirements for ASTM A 255 Methods for Determining Hardenabili
17、ty of Steel ASTM A 295 High-Carbon Anti-Friction Bearing Steel ASTM A 321 Steel Bars, Carbon, Quenched and Tempered ASTM A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products ASTM A 434 Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought or Cold-Finished, Quenched and Tempered AST
18、M A 485 High Hardenability Antifriction Bearing Steel ASTM A 534 Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction Bearings ASTM A 675/A 675M Steel Bars, Carbon, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties ASTM E 8 Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Materials ASTM E 12 Definitions of Terms Relating to Densit
19、y and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases ASTM E 112 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size ASTM E 45 Practice for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel ASTM E 381 Method of Macroetch Testing, Inspection, and Rating Steel Products, Comprising Bars, Billets, Blooms,
20、and Forgings ASTM E 399 Test Method for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials 2.1.4 ASM Publication Available from ASM International, 9639 Kinsman Road, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002, Tel: 440-338-5151, www.asminternational.org.Metals Handbook, Volume 1 Properties and Selection: Iron
21、s, Steels and High-Performance Alloys 2.1.5 Forging Industry Association Publication Available from Forging Industry Association, 25 West Prospect Avenue, Suite 300, Cleveland, OH 44115, Tel: 216-781-6260, www.forging.org.FIA/ASM International Forging Handbook SAE J2281 Revised MAR2010 Page 4 of 102
22、.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this document. 2.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776
23、-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J402 New Steel Designation System for Wrought or Rolled Steel SAE J409 Product AnalysisPermissible Variations from Specified Chemical Analysis of a Heat or Cast of Steel SAE J491 Steering Ball Studs and Socket Assemblies SAE J1121 Helical Compression and Extensio
24、n Spring Terminology SAE J1442 High-Strength, Hot Rolled Steel Bars 2.2.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM A 108 Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold Finished ASTM A 291 Stee
25、l Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears ASTM A 322 Steel Bars, Alloy, Standard Grades ASTM A 355 Steel Bars, Alloys for Nitriding ASTM A 400 Steel Bars, Selection Guide, Composition, and Mechanical Properties, Standard Practice for ASTM A 521 Steel, Closed-Imp
26、ression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use ASTM A 576 Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality ASTM A 688/A 688M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use ASTM A 689 Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars for Springs ASTM A 920 Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-Wrought, Special Qualit
27、y, Mechanical Properties ASTM A 921 Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, for Subsequent Hot Forging 2.2.3 American Iron and Steel Institute Publication Available from AISI, 1140 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-452-7100, www.steel.org.Steel Bar Product
28、 Guidelines, Bar Steel Alloy, Carbon and Microalloy Steels: Semifinished, Hot Rolled Bars, Cold Finished Bars, Hot Rolled Deformed and Plain Concrete Reinforcing Bars SAE J2281 Revised MAR2010 Page 5 of 103. MANUFACTURE As a means of introducing the product, the following briefly describes the metho
29、ds of hot-rolled steel bar manufacture. Refer also to SAE J412 for a definition of some of the steel making terms. A steel bar may be derived from an ingot which is the product of a steel heat “teemed” into individual molds or from a strand casting process which involves pouring and solidifying stee
30、l heats continuously in a strand. Strand casting is the predominant method of steel bar manufacture in North America. There are two strand casting techniques associated with bar products, namely bloom casting and billet casting. A cast bloom or ingot is relatively large and requires reduction by hot
31、 rolling into a billet. Billets, whether fromcast blooms or ingots, are frequently inspected and conditioned to enhance surface quality. Billets are the feedstock used in a bar mill to roll a bar product or by an open die forger to produce a forged product. Dimensional accuracy and other requirement
32、s for billets are normally subject to agreement between steel producer and purchaser. Hot-rolled steel bar is the finished product rolled from a billet, produced in lengths and coils, in numerous sections and sizes and to specific tolerances related to chemistry, dimension, surface, internal conditi
33、on, mechanical properties and hardenability. Bar products may be further processed by thermal treating, descaling, and cold drawing prior to use. 4. SELECTION GUIDELINES Hot-rolled steel bar is widely used in, but not limited to, original equipment manufacturing such as automotive, off highway, agri
34、culture, military, railway, industrial equipment, and appliance industries. Manufacturing processing may involve forming (hot, warm, or cold forming, and cold drawing), heat treating (quench and tempering and surface hardening), machining (turning, drilling, broaching, and grinding) and surface fini
35、shing (plating and painting). Hot-rolled bars may be selected on the basis of one or several application requirements including static, cyclic (fatigue) and dynamic (impact) load resistance, rolling contact fatigue resistance and response to various manufacturing processes. SAE J401 will assist the
36、reader in designing parts from steel including hot-rolled bar. Further, SAE J412 is a useful selection guide showing the chemistry (grade), grain size, microstructure, cleanliness, and surface quality are important factors when selecting a hot-rolled bar product and how these factors influence proce
37、ssing and ultimate end use.4.1 Mechanical Properties Hot-rolled steel bar products can be furnished to specified minimum strengths (tensile and yield strength) or, as is more often the case, they are processed into varying hardness levels through heat treatment by the end user. SAE J413 provides mec
38、hanical properties for a range of material hardness resulting from heat treatment. It further illustrates the principle that regardless of chemical composition (grade), steels of the same cross-section hardness produced by tempering after through hardening, will have approximately the same tensile s
39、trength. Yield strength, as a percentage of tensile strength, is highest if the section is through hardened to a martensitic structure before tempering. Hot-rolled steel bar products can be furnished with certain hardenability requirements which assure the end user that minimum hardness can be achie
40、ved via proper quench and temper heat treatment (see 5.8). 4.1.1 Fatigue Properties Parts and components made from hot-rolled steel bar are frequently subject to fatigue loading. Designing to avoid fatigue failures requires, among other factors, a knowledge of material properties existing in the fin
41、ished part at the most criticallystressed location. SAE J1099 contains fatigue properties of several steel bar grades (carbon and alloy steels). SAE J2281 Revised MAR2010 Page 6 of 104.1.2 Fracture Toughness Parts are frequently subjected to impact loads and their constituent material should possess
42、 sufficient fracture toughness to withstand the load at service temperature without failing. Parts made from steel and steel bar generally have good fracture toughness and resistance. Steels are frequently tested using impact loading on specimens with prepared notches to examine the nature of the fr
43、acture (ductile or brittle) and the energy absorption. Charpy V Notch testing, as specified in ASTM A 370 is a popular method, however, it and similar tests are comparative and can only show relative performance. Fracture mechanics provides a more engineered prediction of fracture resistance. Fractu
44、re mechanics treats fracture toughness as the resistance to crack growth. Cracks are frequently present, either introduced during manufacture or initiated early in the life of the component. Resistance offered by the material to crack growth is as significant as the type of loading and environment i
45、n predicting crack growth resistance. Fracture mechanics uses a parameter called the plane strain fracture toughness, KIc, a type of stress intensity factor. The property KIcdetermined by the test method outlined in ASTM E 399 characterizes material fracture resistance in a non-corrosive environment
46、 in the presence of a sharp crack under severe tensile constraint. A KIcvalue is believed to represent the lower limiting value of fracture toughness and can be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size in a material in service. 4.1.3 Rolling Contact Fatigue Contact st
47、ress resistance is often defined as rolling contact fatigue resistance in bearing applications. Rolling contact fatigue strength measures the Hertzian contact stress between two rotating surfaces. This fatigue strength is measured by the resistance to failure from pitting or spalling when constant l
48、oad is applied under controlled lubricant conditions. Bearing steel cleanliness strongly influences the rolling contract fatigue strength of a component since pitting or spalling sites are often initiated from subsurface nonmetallic inclusions. The oxide type inclusion has the most deleterious effec
49、t on rolling contact fatigue. Oxide type nonmetallic inclusions form a poor interface with the steel matrix due to their very hard and brittle properties. They tend to be grouped in small clusters that increase the stress concentration critical for initiating fatigue failures. Bar steels intended for rolling contact applications are frequently specified to have certain cleanliness levels or ratings. Maximum bearing steel inclusion cleanliness
