1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2002 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this
3、 publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (o
4、utside USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: custsvcsae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSURFACEVEHICLESTANDARDJ461ED. CHG.DEC2002Issued 1934-01Editorial Change 2002-12Superseding J461 SEP1981Wrought and Cast Copper Alloys1. ScopeFor convenience, this SAE Information Report is presented in two parts as sh
5、own below. To avoidrepetition, however, data applicable to both wrought and cast alloys is included only in Part 1.Part IWrought Copper and Copper AlloysTypes of Copper (Table 1)General Characteristics (Table 3)Electrical ConductivityThermal Conductivity General Mechanical Properties (Table 10)Yield
6、 StrengthFatigue StrengthPhysical Properties (Table 2)General Fabricating Properties (Table 3)FormabilityBendingHot Forming MachinabilityJoiningSurface FinishingColorCorrosion ResistanceEffect of TemperatureTypical Uses (Table 3)Part IICast Copper AlloysTypes of Casting AlloysEffects of Alloy Elemen
7、ts and ImpuritiesGeneral Characteristics (Table 11)Physical Properties (Table 12)Typical Uses (Table 11)SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-2-2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, t
8、he latest version of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J463Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys2.1.2 ASTM P UBLICATIONSAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM B 3Specificat
9、ion for Soft or Annealed Copper WireASTM B 16Specification for Free-Cutting Brass Rod, Bar, and Shapes for Use in Screw MachinesASTM B 21Specification for Naval Brass Rod, Bar, and ShapesASTM B 36Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled BarASTM B 68Specification for Seamless Copper Tu
10、be, Bright AnnealedASTM B 75Specification for Seamless Copper TubeASTM B 97Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar for GeneralPurposesASTM B 98Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Rod, Bar, and ShapesASTM B 103Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate, Sheet, Strip
11、, and Rolled BarASTM B 111Specification for Copper and Copper-Alloy Seamless Condenser Tubes and Ferrule StockASTM B 121Specification for Leaded Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled BarASTM B 122Specification for Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloy, Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silfer) andCopper-Nickel All
12、oy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled BarASTM B 133Specification for Copper Rod, Bar, and ShapesASTM B 134Specification for Brass WireASTM B 135Specification for Seamless Brass TubeASTM B 138Specification for Manganese Bronze Rod, Bar, and ShapesASTM B 139Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and
13、 ShapesASTM B 150Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and ShapesASTM B 151Specification for Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver) and Copper-Nickel Rod and BarASTM B 152Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate and Rolled BarASTM B 154Method of Mercurous Nitrate Test for Copper and Copp
14、er AlloysASTM B 159Specification for Phosphor Bronze WireASTM B 169Specification for Aluminum Bronze Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled BarASTM B 171Specification for Copper-Alloy Condenser Tube PlatesASTM B 194Specification for Copper-Beryllium Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled BarASTM B 196Specif
15、ication for Copper-Beryllium Alloy Rod and BarASTM B 280Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration FieldServiceASTM B 283Specification for Copper and Copper-Alloy Die Forgings (Hot-Pressed)ASTM B 301Specification for Free-Cutting Copper Rod and BarASTM B 441Specifi
16、cation for Copper-Cobalt-Beryllium and Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Rod and BarASTM B 453Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead Alloy (Leaded-Brass) RodASTM B 534Specification for Copper-Cobalt-Beryllium Alloy and Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Alloy Plate,Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar3. Part Iwrought Copper And Cop
17、per AlloysFactors influencing the uses of wrought copper and copperalloys concern electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, machinability, formability, fatigue characteristics,strength, corrosion resistance, the ease with which alloys can be joined, and the fact that these materials arenonmagne
18、tic. Copper and its alloys also have a wide range of rich, pleasing colors. The only other metal withsuch distinctive coloring is gold. These materials are all easily finished by buffing, scratch brushing, plating orchemically coloring, or clear protective coating systems.SAE J461 EditorialChange DE
19、C2002-3-When it is desired to improve one or more of the important properties of copper, alloying often solves theproblem. A wide range of alloys, therefore, has been developed and commercially employed, such as the highcopper alloys, brasses, leaded brasses, tin bronzes, heat treatable alloys, copp
20、er-nickel alloys, nickel silvers,and special bronzes.The various types of copper and the principal alloys are listed in Tables I and 3, along with informationdescribing composition, fabricating properties, and applications.3.1 Types of Wrought Copper-Copper UNS Nos. C11000, C11100, C11300, C11400, C
21、11500, and C116001are either electrolytically or fire-refined, cast in the form of refinery shapes, containing a controlled amount ofoxygen for the purpose of obtaining a level set on the top of the casting. It generally contains 0.010.04%oxygen, which exists as a coppercuprous oxide eutectic surrou
22、nding the crystals of copper. Within theselimits, the oxygen has only a very slight effect on the electrical, mechanical, and physical properties of copper.Because of the oxidizing effect of oxygen on impurities, its presence in copper indicates a reduction orelimination of certain impurities which
23、would otherwise have adverse effects on conductivity.Copper UNS No. C10200 is electrolytically refined and specially produced to be free from cuprous oxidealthough it is made without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers. Because of its freedom fromresidual deoxidizers, it has high
24、 electrical conductivity.Copper UNS Nos. C12000 and C12200 are cast in the form of refinery shapes, free from cuprous oxide,produced through the use of metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers. Because it is necessary to use some excessof reducing agent, the electrical and thermal conductivity of the cop
25、per is lowered, and this fact should beconsidered when high conductivity is needed.Copper UNS Nos. C10200, C12000 and C12200 possess only slightly different mechanical properties from theC11XXX types. They differ little in respect to tensile strength when cold worked to similar extents, but do haves
26、omewhat higher ductility and also are not normally subject to hydrogen embrittlement.3.2 Electrical ConductivityThe greatest single area of use for copper itself results from the high electricalconductivity of the metal. The combination of the property of high electrical conductivity with ease of fo
27、rmingand high corrosion resistance makes copper the preferred material for current-carrying members. Theconductivity of copper for electrical conductors is 101% IACS (see Table 2) in the annealed or soft condition.The tensile strength of the soft copper, 220 MPa (32 ksi) can be increased to 345/380
28、MPa (50/55 ksi) by coldrolling, in which condition the electrical conductivity is decreased to about 97%. Heating such copper above200 C for an extended period of time will soften it to a tensile strength of 205/240 MPa (30/35 ksi).1. Since the nomenclature used in the nonferrous metals trade is not
29、 always consistent, copper and copper base alloys are referenced by specification numbers described in SAE J463.SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-4-SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-5-SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-6-SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-7-SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-8-SAE J461 Edit
30、orialChange DEC2002-9-SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-10-SAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-11-Silver is added to copper to increase its resistance to softening at elevated temperature without decreasing theelectrical conductivity. Cold worked silver-bearing copper (see Table 4) can be heated to abou
31、t 350 C forshort periods of time without appreciable softening, and is less susceptible to creep rupture in highly stressedsituations. Rolling mill practice and amount of silver have an effect upon the softening of such materials.Cadmium added in small amounts (0.10%) to copper results in an alloy h
32、aving superior resistance to softeningat temperatures used in forming automotive radiators. Resistance to softening is retained even after theapplication of large amounts of cold work. The application of this material permits higher strength solders to beused and allows for the increase of soldering
33、 temperature range to a point not feasible with other highconductivity materials. Electrical and thermal conductivities are not appreciably different than for silver bearingcopper.Figure I illustrates the softening characteristics of electrolytic copper and silver bearing and cadmium bearingcopper a
34、lloys in terms of tensile strength for the times and temperatures indicated.FIGURE 1SOFTENING CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE COPPERSSAE J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-12-The 0.85% silver-bearing alloy is the best, of the three commonly available alloys, to resist creep rupture. Thesilver-bearing coppers fin
35、d use in radiator construction where the material is subjected to slightly elevatedtemperature during soldering operations, also for commutators which are baked to set mica between thecopper segments. Copper must no be softened by these treatments.To prevent embrittlement which takes place with copp
36、er should be specified if the material is to be heatedmuch above 425 C in an atmosphere of reducing gases such as hydrogen. Embrittlement results from theaction of the reducing gases with the copper oxide normally present in all C11XXX types.The addition of chromium to copper produces an alloy with
37、a combination of high tensile strength (485 MPa70ksi) and electrical conductivity (80% IACS). Copper Alloy UNS No. C18400 has the ability to retain itsmechanical properties and wear resistance to a high degree at elevated temperatures. The copper chromiumalloys have found considerable use as fabrica
38、ted into welding tips and seam welding wheels. Zirconiumbearing copper (Copper Alloy UNS No. C 15000) is also finding wide use in high temperature-high strengthapplications.Heat treated beryllium bearing copper alloys having tensile strength up to 1345 MPa (195 ksi) and fatiguestrengths up to 345 MP
39、a (50 ksi are available; however, a drop in electrical conductivity to about 50% and highcost must be considered. Where repetitive or cycling operation must be performed, such properties havemade application of these alloy economical.Conducting contacts, springs or other stressed parts that are manu
40、factured by forming may employ chromiumor beryllium bearing coppers. The parts are formed by cold working and then strengthened by heat treatment.The high degree of ductility and toughness of commercially pure copper usually make it unsuited for cutting ormachining operations. Copper with lead, tell
41、urium and sulfur were developed to combine the properties ofcopper with improved machinability. Parts that must be formed by extensive machining and be highlyconductive are made from the free machining coppers. Tellurium copper has a 95% electrical conductivity anda machinability rating of 8090. Sul
42、fur bearing copper has a 95% IACS electrical conductivity and the samemachinability rating, whereas lead copper has an electrical conductivity of 98% IACS and a machinability ratingof 80. The machinability rating for copper is 20.Where higher tensile strength 620 MPa (90 ksi) is required along wit g
43、ood machinability (60) and lowerelectrical conductivity (10%) can be tolerated, aluminum silicon alloys may be used to advantage.For applications requiring good fatigue properties, the nickel-silver phosphor, or beryllium alloys will serve.These alloys, however, have relatively low electrical conduc
44、tivity ranging from 5 to 50%.Copper UNS No. C12000 is also a good choice in the selection of conductor to be used where creep strengthis to be considered, as may be the case when the material is to operate at slightly elevated temperature.3.3 Thermal ConductivityFor the alpha solid solutions of copp
45、er alloys at least, the thermal conductivity is anearly linear function of the electrical conductivity multiplied by the absolute temperature. Good conductor ofelectricity are also good conductors of heat and poor conductors of electricity are poor conductors of heat.When high thermal conductivity i
46、s of principal importance, the same considerations given electricalconductivity apply.3.4 Mechanical PropertiesExcept for the heat treatable alloys, strength is determined mainly by compositionand degree of cold work. Mechanical properties of the most important alloys are to be found in Table 10.SAE
47、 J461 EditorialChange DEC2002-13-Copper and copper alloys containing aluminum, silicon, tin, iron, an manganese, in various combinations andconcentrations, are much stronger by virtue of their chemistry than the other coppers or alloys. For heavysections or parts requiring high strength, inherently
48、stronger alloy should be specified. For lighter or smallersections which can be made adequately from stronger tempers, other alloys are successful. For example, thetensile strength of Copper Alloy UNS No. C26000 used in the production of radiator tanks can be increased byadjusting the rolling mill p
49、rocedure from 310 to 365 MPa (45 to 53 ksi) without a harmful reduction in ductility.Similarly Copper Alloy UNS No. C26000 strip 0.11 mm (.0045 in) intended for fabrication into lockseam tube,used in radiator construction, is available in an annealed temper having a tensile strength of about 440 MPa(64 ksi) and an elongation of 32% in 50 mm (2 in). This represents an 18.5% increase in tensile strengthwithout any sacrifice of ductility, compared to material produced by rolled-to-temper methodsThe tensile strength of the copper-zinc ser
