1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/j2868_201010SURFACEVEHICLEINFORMATIONREPORTJ2868 OCT2010 Issued 2010-10 Pedestrian Dummy Full S
5、cale Test Results and Resource Materials RATIONALE Not applicable. FOREWORD Worldwide, vehicle impacts with pedestrians constitute the most frequent cause of traffic-related fatalities. With this background, the SAE Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Steering Committee formed the Pedestria
6、n Dummy Task Force with the goal of developing initial performance specifications for a pedestrian research crash-test dummy which could be used to study the motions and sequence of body component impacts which lead to pedestrian trauma. Additional uses for such a dummy could also include the: - Stu
7、dy of pedestrian kinematics - Facilitation of crash reconstruction techniques including pedestrian kinematics - Assessment of injury probabilities for given vehicle, crash, and countermeasure combinations - Design of countermeasures - Evaluation of active systems (pop-up hoods, airbags, etc.) - Refi
8、nement of component test parameters and procedures - Validation of computer simulations The primary result of the Pedestrian Dummy Task Force was the preparation of SAE J2782 “Performance Specifications for a Midsize Pedestrian Research Dummy”. During the preparation of SAE J2782, the Task Force int
9、eracted with several key technical reports which, although not included in J2782, can provide helpful background and test and analysis examples for those working with SAE J2782 or otherwise studying pedestrian safety. These documents and information were collected into this SAE Information Report (S
10、AE J2868) by the SAE Pedestrian Dummy Task Force.SAE J2868 Issued OCT2010 Page 2 of 57TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 42. REFERENCES 42.1 Applicable Documents 42.1.1 SAE and Stapp Publications . 42.1.2 ESV Publications . 42.1.3 ISO Publications 52.1.4 SAFE Publication 52.1.5 UMTRI Publication 52.1.6 Othe
11、r Publications . 52.2 Related Publications . 52.2.1 SAE and Stapp Publications . 52.2.2 Government Publications 62.2.3 ESV Publications . 72.2.4 IRCOBI Publications . 72.2.5 Other Publications . 72.3 Definitions . 82.3.1 ARM 82.3.2 FOOT 82.3.3 FOREARM 82.3.4 HAND 82.3.5 IMPACT POINT . 82.3.6 LEG . 8
12、2.3.7 STUB ARM 82.3.8 THIGH . 82.3.9 VALGUS BENDING 82.3.10 VULNERABLE ROAD USERS . 82.4 Symbols, Subscripts and Abbreviations 92.4.1 Abbreviations 92.4.2 Symbols 93. WHOLE BODY KINIMATIC BIOFIDELITY COMPARISONS BETWEEN DUMMY AND PMHS TEST RESULTS . 103.1 Test Procedures 103.1.1 General Test Setup .
13、 103.1.2 Impact Buck Details 103.1.3 Impact Speed 133.1.4 PMHS Pre-Test Position . 133.1.5 High Speed Cameras and Targets . 133.2 Motion Analysis Procedures . 143.2.1 PMHS Phototarget Tracking . 143.2.2 Data Scaling Analysis . 143.2.3 Motion Analysis . 153.3 Corridor Development . 183.3.1 Trajectory
14、 Corridors 183.3.2 Head Velocity Corridor 274. COMPARISONS BETWEEN EXISTING DUMMY TECHNOLOGY PERFORMANCEAND THE SPECIFICATIONS OF SAE J2782 314.1 Anthropometry Performance . 314.2 Biofidelity Performance . 334.2.1 Whole Dummy Response Performance 334.2.2 Body Segment Responses Performance 364.3 Inst
15、rumentation Availability . 394.4 Repeatability and Reproducibility Performance 394.5 Durability Performance 39SAE J2868 Issued OCT2010 Page 3 of 575. NOTES 395.1 Marginal Indicia . 39APPENDIX A TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE SAE PEDESTRIAN DUMMY TASK FORCE . 40APPENDIX B EXPERT RANKINGS OF BODY REGION PR
16、IORITIES 41APPENDIX C MINUTES OF THE 4TH SUB-GROUP MEETINGS OF THE SAE PEDESTRIAN DUMMY TASK FORCE . 43APPENDIX D POLAR II 50 KM/HR TEST RESULTS . 45APPENDIX E ASYMMETRIC CORRIDOR JUSTIFICATION 46FIGURE 1 GENERAL TEST SETUP 10FIGURE 2 HONDA DETAILS . 12FIGURE 3 VEHICLE BUCK 13FIGURE 4 PMHS HEAD CENT
17、ROID TRAJECTORY AND CORRIDOR 20FIGURE 5 PMHS UPPER SPINE TRAJECTORY AND CORRIDOR 20FIGURE 6 PMHS MID THORAX TRAJECTORY AND CORRIDOR 21FIGURE 7 PMHS PELVIS TRAJECTORY AND CORRIDOR 21FIGURE 8 HEAD CENTROID TRAJECTORY AVERAGE CORRIDOR VS PIECEWISE LINEAR . 22FIGURE 9 UPPER SPINE TRAJECTORY AVERAGE CORR
18、IDOR VS PIECEWISE LINEAR . 22FIGURE 10 MID THORAX TRAJECTORY AVERAGE CORRIDOR VS PIECEWISE LINEAR 23FIGURE 11 PELVIS TRAJECTORY AVERAGE CORRIDOR VS LINEAR . 23FIGURE 12 HEAD CENTROID TRAJECTORY CORRIDOR (IN VEHICLE REFERENCE FRAME) 24FIGURE 13 UPPER SPINE REFERENCE POINT TRAJECTORY CORRIDOR (IN VEHI
19、CLE REFERENCE FRAME) . 25FIGURE 14 MID-THORAX REFERENCE POINT TRAJECTORY CORRIDOR (IN VEHICLE REFERENCE FRAME) . 26FIGURE 15 PELVIS REFERENCE POINT TRAJECTORY CORRIDOR (IN VEHICLE REFERENCE FRAME) 27FIGURE 16 PMHS HEAD VELOCITY 1 SD CORRIDOR 28FIGURE 17 VIRTUAL HEAD WITH RIGID NECK 29FIGURE 18 PMHS
20、VIRTUAL HEAD VELOCITY 1 SD CORRIDOR 29FIGURE 19 FINAL HEAD VELOCITY CORRIDOR AND PIECEWISE LINEAR CORRIDOR . 30FIGURE 20 HEAD CENTROID XZ RESULTANT VELOCITY CORRIDOR (IN VEHICLE REFERENCE FRAME) . 30FIGURE 21 POLAR HEAD TRAJECTORY VS PMHS-BASED CORRIDOR 33FIGURE 22 POLAR UPPER SPINE TRAJECTORY VS PM
21、HS-BASED CORRIDOR 34FIGURE 23 POLAR MID THORAX TRAJECTORY VS PMHS-BASED CORRIDOR 34FIGURE 24 POLAR PELVIS TRAJECTORY VS PMHS-BASED CORRIDOR 35FIGURE 25 POLAR HEAD CENTROID VELOCITY VS PMHS-BASED CORRIDOR . 35FIGURE 26 BASELINE POLAR-II THORACIC RESPONSE IN THE 4.3 M/S LATERAL PENDULUM IMPACT 36FIGUR
22、E 27 MODIFIED POLAR-II THORACIC RESPONSE IN THE 4.3 M/S LATERAL PENDULUM IMPACT 37FIGURE 28 MODIFIED POLAR-II KNEE STIFFNESS 38FIGURE 29 POLAR-II LEG STIFFNESS 38TABLE 1 2004 CIVIC CENTERLINE PROFILE . 11TABLE 2 TEST TYPE, TIME OF HEAD STRIKE, DIGITIZED FRAME CLOSEST TO THE TIME OF HEAD STRIKE AND L
23、AST FRAME DIGITIZED FOR EACH TEST IN THE STUDY . 14TABLE 3 MIDSIZE MALE MOTION REFERENCE LOCATION1)IN THE TEST STRIDING POSITION WITH SHOES (SEE J2782 4.8.4.1.1.1) 16TABLE 4 SCALE FACTORS USED TO SCALE BODY SEGMENT TRAJECTORIES . 16TABLE 5 UNSCALED AND SCALED HEAD STRIKE TIMES FOR EACH BODY REGION I
24、N EACH PMHS TEST AT HEAD STRIKE . 18TABLE 6 HEAD CENTROID TRAJECTORY CORRIDOR 24TABLE 7 UPPER SPINE REFERENCE POINT DISPLACMENT CORRIDOR . 25TABLE 8 MID-THORAX REFERENCE POINT TRAJECTORY CORRIDOR 26TABLE 9 PELVIS REFERENCE POINT TRAJECTORY CORRIDOR 27TABLE 10 HEAD CENTROID XZ RESULTANT VELOCITY CORR
25、IDOR . 31SAE J2868 Issued OCT2010 Page 4 of 571. SCOPE The materials included in this J document are not intended to represent a complete summary of pedestrian safety research activities, but are rather a collection of materials which can be helpful to users of SAE J2782. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicabl
26、e Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE and Stapp Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001,
27、 Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.Pritz, H. B., (1978), Comparison of the Dynamic Responses of Anthropomorphic Test Devices and Human Anatomic Specimens in Experimental Pedestrian Impacts, Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. Eppinge
28、r, R. H., Marcus, J. H., Morgan, R. M., (1984), Development of Dummy and Injury Index for NHTSAs Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program, SAE 840885.SAE J211-1 Instrumentation for Impact Test - Part 1 - Electronic Instrumentation SAE J2782 Performance Specifications for a Midsize Male Pedes
29、trian Research Dummy SAE CAESAR Harrison, C. R., Robinette, K. M., (2002), Summary Statistics for the Adult Population (Ages 18-65) of the United States of America, Interim Report: AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2002-0170. 2.1.2 ESV Publications Available from NHTSA, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1
30、200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, West Building,Washington, D.C. 20590, USA, www.nhtsa.gov.ESV 131-O Fredriksson, R., Haland, Y., Yang, J., (2001), Evaluation of a New Pedestrian Head Injury Protection System with a Sensor in the Bumper and Lifting of the Bonnets Rear Part, Proceedings of the 17th Internat
31、ional Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles ESV 463-O Akiyama, A., Okamoto, M., Rangarajan N., (2001), Development and Application of the New Pedestrian Dummy, Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles ESV 05-0280-O Takahashi, Y.,
32、 Kikuchi, Y., Okamoto, M., Akiyama, A., Ivarsson, J., Bose, D., Subit, D., Crandall, J., 2005 ESV, Biofidelity Evaluation for the Knee and Leg of the Polar Pedestrian Dummy ESV 05-0394 Kerrigan, J.R., Murphy, D., Drinkwater, D.C., Kam, C.Y., Bose, D., Crandall, J.R., 2005 ESV, Kinematic Corridors fo
33、r PMHS Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests ESV 09-0505 Scherer, R., et al., 2009 ESV, WorldSID Production Dummy Biomechanical Responses SAE J2868 Issued OCT2010 Page 5 of 572.1.3 ISO Publications Available from International Organization for Standardization, 1 rue de Varembe, Case Postale 5
34、6, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-749-01-11, www.iso.org.ISO/DIS 13232-4 MotorcyclesTest and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcyclesPart 4: Variables to be measured, instrumentation, and measurement procedures ISO/DIS 13232-5 M
35、otorcyclesTest and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcyclesPart 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis ISO/TR-9790:1999(E) Road VehiclesAnthropomorphic side impact dummyLateral impact response requirements to assess the biofidelity of t
36、he dummy ISO-15830(all parts):2005(E) Road vehicles Design and performance specifications for the WorldSID 50th percentile male side impact dummy 2.1.4 SAFE Publication Available from SAFE Association, P.O. Box 130, Creswell, OR 97426-0130, Tel: 541-895-3012, .White, R., Rangarajan, N., Haffner, M.,
37、 (1996), Development of the THOR Advanced Frontal Crash Test Dummy, Proceedings of the 34th SAFE Association Annual Symposium, pp. 122-135 2.1.5 UMTRI Publication Available from University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150, Tel: 734-764-6504, w
38、ww.umtri.umich.edu.Schneider, L. W., Robbins, D. H., Pflug, M. A., Snyder, R. G., (1983) Anthropometry of Motor Vehicle Occupants, Vol 1: Procedures, Summary Findings and Appendices, Final Report, UMTRI-83-53-1. 2.1.6 Other Publications Chandler, R. F., Clauser, C. E., McConville, J. T., Reynolds, H
39、. M., Young, J. W., (March 1975), Investigation of Inertial Properties of the Human Body, AMRL-TR-74-137. 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Technical Report.2.2.1 SAE and Stapp Publications Available
40、 from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J211-2 Instrumentation for Impact Test - Part 2 - Photographic Instrumentation Cavanaugh, J.M., Nyquist, G.W., Goldberg, S.J., King, A.
41、I., “Lower Abdominal Tolerance and Response,“ SAE Technical Paper 861878, 1986, doi:10.4271/861878. Daniel, R.P., Irwin, A., Athey, J., Balser, J. et al., “Technical Specifications of the SID-IIs Dummy,“ SAE Technical Paper 952735, 1995, doi:10.4271/952735. SAE J2868 Issued OCT2010 Page 6 of 57Irwin
42、, A. and Mertz, H.J. “Biomechanical Basis for the CRABI and Hybrid III Child Dummies,“ SAE Technical Paper 973317, 1997, doi:10.4271/973317. Irwin, A., Mertz, H. J., Elhagediab, A. M., Moss, S., (2002) Guidelines for Assessing Biofidelity of Side Impact Dummies of Various Sizes and Ages, Stapp Car C
43、rash Journal, Vol. 46. Ishikawa, H. Kajzer, J., Ono, K., Sakurai, M. (1994) Simulation of Car Impact to Pedestrian Lower Extremity: Influence of Different Car-Front Shapes and Dummy Parameters on Test Results. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(2), pp. 231-242. Kajzer, J., Matsui, Y., Ishikawa, H.,
44、 Schroeder, G. et al., “Shearing and Bending Effects at the Knee Joint at Low Speed Lateral Loading,“ SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0712, 1999, doi:10.4271/1999-01-0712. Kajzer, J., Schroeder, G., Ishikawa, H., Matsui, Y. et al., “Shearing and Bending Effects at the Knee Joint at High Speed Lateral Lo
45、ading,“ SAE Technical Paper 973326, 1997, doi:10.4271/973326. Maltese, M. R., Eppinger, R. H., Rhule, H., Donnelly, B., Pintar, F. A., Yoganandan, N., (2002) Response Corridors of Human Surrogates in Lateral Impacts, Stapp Car Crash Journal 46, pp. 321-351. Matsui, Y., (2001) Legform Impactor and In
46、jury Tolerance of the Human Leg in Lateral Impact, Stapp Car Crash Journal 45, pp. 495-509. Mertz, H. J., “A Procedure for Normalizing Impact Response Data,“ SAE Technical Paper 840884, 1984, doi:10.4271/840884. Mertz, H.J., Irwin, A.L., Melvin, J.W., Stanaker, R.L. et al., “Size, Weight and Biomech
47、anical Impact Response Requirements for Adult Size Small Female and Large Male Dummies,“ SAE Technical Paper 890756, 1989, doi:10.4271/890756. Morgan, R.M., Marcus, J.H., and Eppinger, R.H., “Side Impact - The Biofidelity of NHTSAs Proposed ATD and Efficacy of TTI,“ SAE Technical Paper 861877, 1986,
48、 doi:10.4271/861877. Nyquist, G.W., Cheng, R., El-Bohy, A.A.R., and King, A.I., “Tibia Bending: Strength and Response,“ SAE Technical Paper 851728, 1985, doi:10.4271/851728. 2.2.2 Government Publications Available from NHTSA, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
49、, West Building,Washington, D.C. 20590, www.nhtsa.gov.2006 49CFR572.34PART 572_ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICESSubpart E_Hybrid III Test DummyTHORAX Available from Anthropology Research Project, Inc., 503 Xenia Avenue, Yellow Springs, OH 45387. Gordon, C., Churchill, T., Clauser, C., Bradtmillter, B., McConville, J., Tebbetts, I., Walker, R. (1988) Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: Summary Statis
