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20、INTRODUCTION 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references7 3 Terms and definitions .8 4 General8 4.1 Methods for measuring PMD 8 4.2 Reference test method.10 4.3 Applicability.10 5 Apparatus 11 5.1 Light source and polarizers 11 5.2 Input optics .11 5.3 Input positioner12 5.4 Cladding mode stripper 12 5.5 Hig
21、h-order mode filter 12 5.6 Output positioner .12 5.7 Output optics.12 5.8 Detector 12 5.9 Computer 12 6 Sampling and specimens 12 6.1 General.12 6.2 Specimen length13 6.3 Deployment .13 7 Procedure 14 8 Calculation or interpretation of results .14 9 Documentation .14 9.1 Information required for eac
22、h measurement 14 9.2 Information to be available .14 10 Specification information.15 Annex A (normative) Fixed analyser measurement method 16 Annex B (normative) Stokes evaluation method.27 Annex C (normative) Interferometry method 32 Annex D (informative) Determination of RMS width from a fringe en
23、velope .42 Annex E (informative) Glossary of symbols .46 Bibliography .48 Figure A.1 Block diagrams for Method A .16 Figure A.2 Typical results from Method A19 Figure A.3 PMD by Fourier analysis22 Figure A.4 Cross-correlation and autocorrelation functions.26 60793-1-48 IEC:2007 3 Figure B.1 Block di
24、agram for Method B .27 Figure B.2 Typical random-mode-coupling results from Method B.29 Figure B.3 Typical histogram of DGD values .29 Figure C.1 Schematic diagram for Method C (generic implementation) .32 Figure C.2 Other schematic diagrams for Method C.34 Figure C.3a Random mode-coupling using a T
25、INTY-based measurement system with one I/O SOP37 Figure C.3b Negligible mode-coupling using a TINTY-based measurement system with one I/O SOP37 Figure C.3 Fringe envelopes for negligible and random polarization mode-coupling.37 Figure C.4a Random mode-coupling using a GINTY-based measurement system
26、with I/O-SOP scrambling .38 Figure C.4b Negligible mode-coupling using a GINTY-based measurement system with I/O-SOP scrambling .38 Figure C.4c Mixed mode-coupling using a GINTY-based measurement system with I/O-SOP scrambling 39 Figure C.4 Fringe envelopes for negligible and random polarization mod
27、e-coupling (Ginty procedure)39 Figure D.1 Parameters for interferogram analysis 42 Table A.1 Cosine transform calculations .25 4 60793-1-48 IEC:2007 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ OPTICAL FIBRES Part 1-48: Measurement methods and test procedures Polarization mode dispersion FOREWORD 1)
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38、ble for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 60793-1-48 has been prepared by subcommittee 86A: Fibres and cables, of IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2003. It constitutes a technical rev
39、ision. In this edition, reference to IEC 61282-9 has resulted in the removal of Annexes E, F, G and H as well as the creation of a new Annex E. The text of this standard is based on the following documents: CDV Report on voting86A/1038/CDV 86A/1078/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval
40、 of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. 60793-1-48 IEC:2007 5 This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60793-1-1. A list of all parts of the IEC 60793 series,
41、published under the general title Optical fibres, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific p
42、ublication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition, or amended. 6 60793-1-48 IEC:2007 INTRODUCTION Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) causes an optical pulse to spread in the time domain. This dispersion could impair the performance of a telecommu
43、nications system. The effect can be related to differential phase and group velocities and corresponding arrival times of different polarization components of the signal. For a sufficiently narrow band source, the effect can be related to a differential group delay (DGD), , between pairs of orthogon
44、ally polarized principal states of polarization (PSP) at a given wavelength. For broadband transmission, the delays bifurcate and result in an output pulse that is spread out in the time domain. In this case, the spreading can be related to the average of DGD values. In long fibre spans, DGD is rand
45、om in both time and wavelength since it depends on the details of the birefringence along the entire fibre length. It is also sensitive to time-dependent temperature and mechanical perturbations on the fibre. For this reason, a useful way to characterize PMD in long fibres is in terms of the expecte
46、d value, , or the mean DGD over wavelength. In principle, the expected value does not undergo large changes for a given fibre from day to day or from source to source, unlike the parameters or . In addition, is a useful predictor of lightwave system performance. The term “PMD“ is used both in the ge
47、neral sense of two polarization modes having different group velocities, and in the specific sense of the expected value . The DGD or pulse broadening can be averaged over wavelength, yielding , or time, yielding t, or temperature, yielding T. For most purposes, it is not necessary to distinguish be
48、tween these various options for obtaining . The coupling length lcis the length of fibre or cable at which appreciable coupling between the two polarization states begins to occur. If the fibre length L satisfies the condition L scales with fibre length. The corresponding PMD coefficient is “short-l
49、ength“ PMD coefficient = /L. Fibres in practical systems are nearly always in the L lc, regime and mode coupling is random. If mode coupling is also found to be random, scales with the square root of fibre length, and “long-length“ PMD coefficient = / L 60793-1-48 IEC:2007 7 OPTICAL FIBRES Part 1-48: Measurement methods and test procedures Polarization mode dispersion 1 Scope This part of IEC 60793 applies to three methods of measuring polarization mode dispersion (PMD), wh
