广西2020版高考数学一轮复习考点规范练16导数的综合应用文.docx

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1、1考点规范练 16 导数的综合应用一、基础巩固1.已知函数 f(x)=x3+ax2+bx+c在 x=- 与 x=1处都取得极值 .23(1)求 a,b的值及函数 f(x)的单调区间;(2)若对于 x -1,2,不等式 f(x)f(2)=2+c,解得 c2.c 的取值范围为( - ,-1)(2, + ).2.设函数 f(x)=ax2-a-ln x,g(x)= ,其中 aR,e =2.718为自然对数的底数 .1x-eex(1)讨论 f(x)的单调性;(2)证明:当 x1时, g(x)0;(3)确定 a的所有可能取值,使得 f(x)g(x)在区间(1, + )内恒成立 .(1)解 f(x)=2ax

2、 (x0).1x=2ax2-1x当 a0 时, f(x)0时,由 f(x)=0有 x= .12a当 x 时, f(x)0,f(x)单调递增 .(12a,+ )(2)证明 令 s(x)=ex-1-x,则 s(x)=ex-1-1.当 x1时, s(x)0,所以 ex-1x,从而 g(x)= 0.1x- 1ex-1(3)解 由(2),当 x1时, g(x)0.当 a0, x1时, f(x)=a(x2-1)-lnxg(x)在区间(1, + )内恒成立时,必有 a0.当 01.12 12a由(1)有 f 0,(12a) (12a)所以此时 f(x)g(x)在区间(1, + )内不恒成立 .当 a 时,

3、令 h(x)=f(x)-g(x)(x1) .123当 x1时, h(x)=2ax- -e1-xx-1x+1x2 1x+1x2-1x= 0.x3-2x+1x2 x2-2x+1x2因此, h(x)在区间(1, + )内单调递增 .又因为 h(1)=0,所以当 x1时, h(x)=f(x)-g(x)0,即 f(x)g(x)恒成立 .综上, a .12,+ )3.已知函数 f(x)=(x-k)ex+k,kZ .(1)当 k=0时,求函数 f(x)的单调区间;(2)若当 x(0, + )时,不等式 f(x)+50恒成立,求 k的最大值 .解 (1)当 k=0时, f(x)=xex,f (x)=ex+xe

4、x=ex(x+1), 当 x( - ,-1)时, f(x)0;f (x)在( - ,-1)内是减函数,在( -1,+ )内是增函数 .(2)不等式 f(x)+50恒成立( x-k)ex+k+50在 x(0, + )时恒成立,令 F(x)=(x-k)ex+k+5,F(x)=ex(x-k+1)(xR),当 x( - ,k-1)时, f(x)0;f (x)在( - ,k-1)内是减函数,在( k-1,+ )内是增函数 . 若 k-10,即 k1,当 x(0, + )时, F(x)F(0)0 .而 F(0)=50恒成立, k 1 符合题意 . 若 k-10,即 k1,当 x(0, + )时,只需 F(

5、x)min=F(k-1)=-ek-1+5+k0即可 .令 h(k)=-ek-1+5+k,h(k)=1-ek-10,h(3)=-e2+80,h(4)=-e3+90,故 f(x)在(0, + )单调递增 .若 a0;(0,-12a)当 x 时, f(x)0;当 x(1, + )时, g(x)0时, g(x)0 .从而当 a0;2 2当 x( -1+ ,+ )时, f(x)0),因此 h(x)在0, + )内单调递减,而 h(0)=1,故 h(x)1,所以 f(x)=(x+1)h(x) x+1 ax+1.当 00(x0),所以 g(x)在0, + )内单调递增,而 g(0)=0,故 ex x+1.当

6、 0(1-x)(1+x)2,(1-x)(1+x)2-ax-1=x(1-a-x-x2),取 x0= ,5-4a-12则 x0(0,1),(1 -x0)(1+x0)2-ax0-1=0,故 f(x0)ax0+1.当 a0 时,取 x0= ,5-12则 x0(0,1), f(x0)(1-x0)(1+x0)2=1 ax0+1.综上, a的取值范围是1, + ).6.(2018全国 ,文 21)已知函数 f(x)= x3-a(x2+x+1).13(1)若 a=3,求 f(x)的单调区间;(2)证明: f(x)只有一个零点 .(1)解 当 a=3时, f(x)= x3-3x2-3x-3,f(x)=x2-6x

7、3.13令 f(x)=0,解得 x=3-2 或 x=3+2 .3 3当 x( - ,3-2 )(3 +2 ,+ )时, f(x)0;3 3当 x(3 -2 ,3+2 )时, f(x)0,所以 f(x)=0等价于 -3a=0.x3x2+x+1设 g(x)= -3a,则 g(x)= 0,仅当 x=0 时 g(x)=0,所以 g(x)在( - ,+ )单x3x2+x+1 x2(x2+2x+3)(x2+x+1)2调递增,故 g(x)至多有一个零点,从而 f(x)至多有一个零点 .又 f(3a-1)=-6a2+2a- =-6 0,故 f(x)有一个零点 .13 (a-16)2-16 13综上, f(x

8、)只有一个零点 .7.(2018广东茂名二模)已知函数 f(x)=ln x+ (x-1)2.12(1)判断 f(x)的零点个数;(2)若函数 g(x)=ax-a,当 x1时, g(x)的图象总在 f(x)的图象的下方,求 a的取值范围 .解 (1)f(x)=lnx+ (x-1)2的定义域为(0, + ),12f(x)= +x-1, +x2, f (x)1 0,1x 1xf (x)在(0, + )上为增函数,又 f(1)=0,f (x)在(0, + )上只有一个零点 .(2)由题意,当 x1时, (x-1)2+lnx-ax+a0恒成立 .12令 h(x)= (x-1)2+lnx-ax+a,12则

9、 h(x)=x+ -1-a.1x当 a1 时, h (x)=x+ -1-a1-a0,1xh (x)在(1, + )上为增函数 .又 h(1)=0,h (x)0恒成立 .当 a1时, h(x)= ,x2-(1+a)x+1x7令 (x)=x2-(1+a)x+1,则 = (1+a)2-4=(a+3)(a-1)0.令 (x)=0的两根分别为 x1,x2且 x10,x1x2=10, 0- .12(1)解 由已知, f(x)=x(lnx-x),当 x=1时, f(x)=-1,f(x)=lnx+1-2x,当 x=1时, f(x)=-1,所以所求切线方程为 x+y=0.(2)证明 由已知可得 f(x)=lnx+1-2ax=0有两个相异实根 x1,x2,令 h(x)=f(x),则 h(x)= -2a,1x 若 a0,则 h(x)0,h(x)单调递增, f(x)=0不可能有两根; 若 a0,令 h(x)=0得 x= ,可知 h(x)在 上单调递增,在 上单调递减,令 f12a (0,12a) (12a,+ )0,解得 012a (1a2) 2a从而当 00,所以 x1f(1)=-a- .12

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