1、1阅读理解命题特点1. 了解近年来中考阅读理解命题的特点，能够根据所学知识对阅读素材进行剖析。2. 能够准确识别选项中的干扰项，正确理解文意。重点：运用所学知识，掌握阅读素材的题材、体裁及文章的特点。难点：掌握隐含在文章中隐形的信息。1. 近年来，阅读理解的选文多以趣味性、科普性和生活类为主，文章更加贴近中学生的生活，能够引起考生的兴趣；2. 选文涉及到应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文。而议论文往往对考生的能力要求高，篇幅较长，也难以读懂，需要考生有扎实的语言和生活基础。1. 语篇选材多为时文，题材多元化，信息丰富选材包括日常生活、传说、人物传记、社会文化、新闻、史地、科普等，语言地道纯正，原汁
2、原味，具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点，重视社会的热点问题、追踪科技前沿，具有浓厚的时代气息，使阅读考查更贴近实际生活。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，并且各占一定比例。下面对北京市近 3 年的中考阅读理解进行归纳：2012 2013 2014A B C D A B C D A B C D体裁 应用 文 说明 文 说明 文 议论 文 应用 文 记叙 文 议论 文 说明 文 应用 文 记叙 文 说明 文 议论 文题材 广告英国流行的体育项目产品的名字学校教育的真谛杂志流行文章茉莉花开花的感悟自信心曲棍球简介广告失明少 年的励志故事人类群体归属感如何帮助孩子有条理地生活2. 坚持把阅读技能作为
3、考查目标命题既考查考生对文章字面的理解能力，又考查考生对文章寓意的理解能力，对文章中叙述的具体事实的理解能力，以及根据上下文对某些词义、句义的推断理解能力和对文章的主旨大意、作者观点、态度的理解及逻辑推断和判断能力。3. 增加了生词量，加大了推断词义能力的考查要求考生根据上下文或整篇文章才能做出判断，并利用构词法等知识猜测词义，进而探测作者的隐含意思。4. 考点分布格局恰当，试题设计合理，干扰项设置水平高试题设计符合考生的认知水平，有效地避免违背生活常识和语段本意的偏题、怪题；题干简洁明晰、既避免长句、难句，又避免生硬的套语；选项表意清楚，关系合理，答案2唯一。干扰项只有涉及到语篇的内容才有可
4、能发挥干扰功能。(天津中考) Is there intelligent (有智力的) life on other planets? For years, scientists said “no.” or “we dont know.” But today this is changing. Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are astronomers(天文学家). They believe intelligent life exists (存在) somewhere in the universe. They also think we will soo
5、n contact these beings(人；生物).Why do Shostak and Barnett think intelligent life exists on other planets? The first reason is time. Scientists believe the universe is about 12 billion years old. “This is long enough for other planets to have intelligent life,” say Shostak and Barnett. The second reaso
6、n is sizethe universe is huge. “Tools like the Hubble Telescope(哈勃望远镜) have shown that there are at least 100 billion galaxies,” says Shostak. “And our galaxy, the Milky Way, has at least 100 billion stars. Some planets going around these stars might be similar to Earth.”In the past, it was hard to
7、look for signs of intelligent life in the universe. But now, powerful telescopes(高倍望远镜) allow scientists to discover smaller planetsthe size of Mars or Earthin other solar systems. These planets might have intelligent life.Have beings from space already visited Earth? “Probably not,” says Shostak. “
8、Its a long way away. However, intelligent beings may contact us in other way, such as radio signals(信号). In fact, they may be trying to communicate with us now, but we dont have the right tools to receive their messages. However, this is changing. By 2025, we could make contact with other life forms
9、 in our universe and we might help each other.”1. Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are _.A. astronomers B. farmers C. singers D. drivers2. What is the best title for Paragraph 2?A. The Age and Size of Earth B. Our Galaxy: The Milky WayC. Why Intelligent Life Might Exist D. Earth: The Only Planet w
10、ith Intelligent Life3. Why was it hard to look for signs of intelligent life in the universe in the past?A. There were not any smaller planets.B. There were not any powerful telescopes. C. The astronomers were not interested in them.D. The Milky Way didnt exist at that time.4. Why havent beings from
11、 space visited us yet according to Shostak?A. Theyre afraid of us. B. Its a long way away.C. They dont want to see us. D. They dont know how to use radio signals.35. What does the underlined phrase “life forms” in the last paragraph mean?A. Messages. B. Tools. C. Intelligent beings. D. Radio signals
12、.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。主要介绍的是其他星球上的智力动物，科学家借助高倍望远镜，已经观测到宇宙中的某个地方存在这些智力物种，人类在不久的将来会与它们取得联系。1. A 思路分析：细节理解题。题干中的关键词是 Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett 两个名字。因此定位于文章的第一段第四句“Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are astronomers(天文学家). ”，可知答案为 A。2. C 思路分析：主旨大意题。题干要求选出第二段的最佳标题。根据文章第二段第一句话“Why do Shostak and Barne
13、tt think intelligent life exists on other planets?”可以判断出，本段的核心内容为阐述为什么这两名天文学家相信其他星球上存在智力物种，故选 C。3. B 思路分析：细节理解题。本题题干中的关键词为 hard to look for signs of intelligent life in the universe in the past，因此答案定位于文章的第三段第二句“But now, powerful telescopes(高倍望远镜) allow scientists to discover smaller planets”可以判断出，主要
14、原因是过去没有高倍望远镜，故选 B。4. B 思路分析：细节理解题。本题题干中的关键词为 beings from space visited us，因此定位于文章最后一段第三句的“Its a long way away. ”，可知答案为 B。5. C 思路分析：词义猜测题。根据文章最后一句中 life forms 前的 contact 以及other 这两个词，同时对比本段第四句话“intelligent beings may contact us in other way”可以判断出 life forms 就是指 intelligent beings，故选 C。4阅读理解的题型及解题技巧了解
15、阅读理解的题目设置，掌握一些解题的方法，能够在现有知识的基础上掌握材料的主旨大意；了解文章的事实和有关细节；能够猜测有关词汇和个别句子的意义；理解上下文的逻辑关系；根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理。正确领会作者的观点和技巧。重点：运用阅读技巧解决阅读过程中出现的问题。难点：在理解文意的基础上进行的推理判断。众所周知，英语阅读理解题的分值很高，是所有题型中占分比例最大的一道题，在阅读理解上是否得高分，是能否取得好成绩的关键。问题设置上可以将问题总结为四种类型：1. 细节理解题 (1) 设题特点这类试题往往提供数字、图表和文字描写等特定的情景，有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，而有些则是虽然选项叙
16、述的角度与文章表述的语言不同，实则是同义句。(2) 常见的提问方式Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the passage? What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? The reason for . . .is . . . From the passage we can know that . . . According to the pass
17、age, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ).(3) 解题技巧做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，排除干扰项，找出正确答案。(1)I had the meanest mother in the world. While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have cereal, eggs and toast. Others had cokes and candy for lunch, while we had to eat a sandwich. As you
18、 can guess, my supper was different from the other kids. But at least I was not alone in my suffering. My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did.Question: How many children does the writers mother have?A. Four. B. Two. C. Three. D. Six.答案：A思路分析：带着问题找文章，以题干给出的特殊疑问词 how many 为线索，可以容
19、易地找出答案定位在该段的最后一句，由此可知，她家的孩子有：一个妹妹、两个弟弟和作者，共四个孩子。5(2)INTERNATIONAL RADIO WHATS ON?18:00 World News ProgramThe latest news from around the world.18:10 What Do You Think?Phone in with your opinion about todays hot topics: Why is the world getting fatter?How can we look after our world better to save th
20、e planet? Should we all get freehealthcare or should we pay ourselves?19:00 World BusinessBusiness news of the day, with up-to-date information about the world business inEurope, Asia and America.19:20 Teen DreamsListen to 10 teenagers from different places in Asia talking about their dreams for the
21、future. What is more important for themmoney, education or love?Question: When can you phone in if you have a problem with your friend?A. At 18:10. B. At 19:00. C. At 19:20. D. At 18:00.答案：C思路分析：由题干的特殊疑问词 when 可知，应该是在询问时间；而由条件状语从句的if you have a problem with your friend?可知，题干在询问你和朋友间出现的问题，快速浏览表格可知，只有
22、 Teen Dreams 在谈论青少年间的问题，进而锁定答案 C。2. 词义猜测题(1) 设题特点这类试题常见的命题方式是根据上下文猜测划线词或短语的汉语意思，或者根据其在句中的意思选择一个近义词等。(2) 常见的提问方式What does the underlined word “ ” mean in the passage?The underlined word “ ” is the closest in meaning to _.“ ”in Paragraph means that_.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph mean?
23、The Chinese meaning of the word “ ” in this passage is _.The expression “ ” in Paragraphmeans _.The underlined word “ ” in Paragraphrefers to _.(3)解题技巧利用上下文猜测在文章中，有时作者为了避免重复或是表达相反意思，而使用相近或相反意思的词汇。A. 表示顺接关系 划线词上下文中有近义词或短语出现，有时还会用 and, or, like 等连接。6Two years ago the United States National Academy of
24、Science launched the “Safe Drinking Water Is Essential” site. It was set up to provide high-quality scientific information about improving the safety of drinking water supplies. Question: What does the underlined word “launched” mean in the second paragraph? A. 取消 B. 改善 C. 创办 D. 改变答案：C思路分析：同学们可从下句“它
25、被创立是为了提供高质量的科研信息(关于提高安全饮用水的供应)”。由此可知“set up”可知“launch”同义，下文是对上文的进一步解释，故选 C。B. 表示转折关系常见的有 but, while, however 等词。John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, however, his wife is very thrifty.Question: What does the underlined word “ thrifty” mean in the passage?A. 浪费的 B. 节俭的 C.勤奋的 D. 懒
26、惰的答案：B思路分析：句中的 however 表示转折，往往突出前后文的对比；由前文的 wastes a lot of money on such useless things 在没有用的事物上浪费了许多钱，可知，他的妻子是节俭的，故选 B。利用释义猜测词义我们有时可在文章中找到类似 be called, is, that is, namely，in other words, to mean 等对生词做出解释的引导词，或是用破折号“”、冒号“：”等标点符号引出解释。It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is, it will break
27、easily.Question: What does “brittle” mean?答案：易碎的思路分析：根据 that is 后的内容可推断出。利用构词法猜测词义我们总会遇到一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文猜测词义，此时可以根据构词法推断词义。英语最基本的构词法有三种：派生，合成和转化。 I am moved by the story of this boy. We need the courage to face death, and we should also feel the thankfulness for those who help us.Question: What does
28、the underline word“thankfulness”mean？ A. 感恩 B. 宽容 C. 诚信 D. 奉献 答案：A思路分析：根据我们熟知的“thankful”(感激的，感恩的)，再根据构词法 thankful 7+ ness,可知 thankfulness 是感恩(名词)。根据生活常识猜测词义有时我们可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身生活经验或生活常识猜测出词义。It was a great way to get his mind off what he had to do later. As they got close to the school, he could feel h
29、is heart beating. His hands were starting to sweat. He hated this! Question: What does the underlined word “sweat” probably mean?A. 触摸 B. 鼓掌 C. 出汗 D. 指点 答案：C思路分析：上文提到了随着他们临近学校，他感觉到自己的心跳加速。由生活常识可知，人在紧张时往往会出汗，故选 C。指代型词义猜测题 这样的试题往往涉及到代词指代的内容，正确选项符合两个特征：(1)前文中的重复词；(2)正确选项符合句义。Last year in the UK at leas
30、t 45 people died and 900 more were injured in car accidents where drivers were using their mobile phonesYet many people continue to use them while driving even though it is dangerous Question: The underlined word “ them” in the passage refers to _. A. phone users B. mobile phones C. drivers D. ears
31、答案：B思路分析：根据前文，虽然驾车时使用手机很危险，但仍然有很多人继续边开车，边使用手机。由此可知，代词 them 即前文的重复词 mobile phones，故选 B。根据举例猜词有时当我们遇到一个不认识的词，往往可以根据后面所给的例子猜出它的含义。如：The shop sells stationery, such as pens, pencils, paper, ruler and so on.Question: What does “stationery ”mean?答案：文具3. 推理判断题(1)设题特点主要对短文的结论、隐含意义(寓意)、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进
32、行考查，纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论。 (2)常见的提问方式We can infer / conclude from the passage that _. It can be inferred / concluded (from the passage) that _. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?From the passage we can learn _.The passage maybe a/ an _.8Which of
33、 the following is the writers attitude? (3) 解题技巧读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容，注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，做出准确的推断和引申。We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didnt even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While
34、I watched with mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floor.”“Yes, Im glad theyve finally
35、 decided to clean them,” the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But arent you working late?”Mum just pushed harder, each swipe(拖一下) of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big bo
36、ok.After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you.”Outside, Mum told me, “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”“You saw her, Mum?”“Of course. I told her about the hos
37、pital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. Its a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush.”Questions: 1. From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely_.A. the story-tellers sister B. Mums friend C. the story-tellers classmate
38、D. Dads boss2. After reading the story what can we infer(推断出) about the hospital?A. It is a childrens hospital.B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.C. The conditions there arent very good.D. The nurses and doctors there dont work hard.思路分析：1. A 解析：题干意思是：通过课文，我们可知 Dagmar 可能是_。由最后一段的 Dad will s
39、top worrying as well.爸爸也会停止担心的，可以推断出 Dagma 也是作者的家庭成员，只有 A 项符合。2. B 解析：题干意思是：读完故事后，我们可以推断出这家医院的什么？由故事内容可知，母亲通过假装清洁工的身份得以探望生病的 Dagmar，可知，这家医院有着严格的规定。同时由最后一段的 I told her about the hospital rules 及 Its a fine hospital.也可以推出答案。94. 主旨大意题(1) 设题特点此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次(主题句或主题段)、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理
40、解全文后，归纳短文要点、概括中心思想，分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。(2) 常见的提问方式What is the main idea of this passage? What does this passage mainly talk about? The main idea of this passage is _. The main point of the passage is _. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?The title that best expresses the
41、theme of the passage is _.The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _.Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole? (3)常见类型及解题技巧A. 主题句位于段首作者先提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或扩充主题句所表达的主题思想。很多应用文，如通知、广告、新闻报道、产品介绍中多采用这种形式。(总分分)Being safe in your everyday life needs knowledge. If you remember
42、 the following information, your life will be much safer.Always notice the environment around you. You shouldnt walk alone outside. Make sure where the public phones are. If anything dangerous happens, you can find them easily.Your bag should be carried towards the front of your body instead of putt
43、ing it on your back. When a bus is full of people, it is easy enough for a thief to take away the things in the bag on your back.Question: The main point of the passage is _. A. How to notice the environment around you B. How to be safe in your everyday lifeC. How to cross the street D. How to use t
44、he public phones答案：B思路分析：通读全文可知，文章第一段的第一句 Being safe in your everyday life needs knowledge.是本文的主题句，即选项 B 概括全面，而其余选项均是每一自然段的主题句。、B. 主题句位于段尾作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后自然得出结论，即段落的主题。(分分总)Archie was a boy who had a lot of dreams. All his dreams were full of fun. 10They kept him happy until he woke up in the mor
45、ning. He was so excited that he often built things which appeared in his dreams.One day, Archie dreamed of building the best and biggest amusement park. But when he told his friends about it, they said, “Get a normal job. Thats what is best for you.” So Archie found a job as a policeman. It was a go
46、od job, but Archie didnt like it. Archie then got a new job and became a fireman. But he didnt like it, either. It wasnt what he wanted.Archie thought about his dream again. Although his friends didnt believe in his dreams, he decided to have a try. He believed that no matter how difficult his dream
47、 was, he should believe in it.It took him a lot of time. And it was hard to get it done. But it was very interesting for Archie. When all the work was finished, people came from everywhere. They loved all the fun things in the park. Archie was happy to succeed. He learned that things could be much b
48、etter than they sometimes seemed.A dream is worth believing when you really like it. Even when no one else believes it, you can try your best to make it come true. Youre always closest to your dreams when you believe in yourself.Question: The passage mainly wants to tell us that _.A. everyone can build an amusement park B. people shouldnt have friendsC. dont dream impossible dreams D. we should believe in ourselves答案：D思路分析：文章讲的是一个很贫穷的孩子从小就有个梦想拥有一个自己的游乐园。别人说他太穷，要他追求现实的梦想，但他并没有因此放弃，而是一直努力，最终实现了自己的梦想。文章在最后一段点明了主旨：Youre always closest to your dreams when you bel
