1、专题十四 科普知识类,-2-,(2018全国) A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the U.S.Department of Agriculture,its an excellent water collector.Unfortunately,you must carry the necessary e
2、quipment with you,since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes.The only components required,though,are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic,six feet of plastic tube,and a containerperhaps just a drinking cupto catch the water.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack an
3、d fastened on your belt.,-3-,To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one
4、 end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole. Next,cover the hole with the plastic sheet,securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides.T
5、he low point of the sheet must be centered directly over,and no more than three inches above,the cup.,-4-,The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic.Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form,run down the material,and fall off into the
6、 cup.When the container is full,you can suck the refreshment out through the tube,and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink.,-5-,32.What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A.Its delicate. B.Its expensive. C.Its complex. D.Its portable. 33.Wha
7、t does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to? A.The tube. B.The still. C.The hole. D.The cup. 34.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still? A.Dig a hole of a certain size. B.Put the cup in place. C.Weight the sheets center down. D.Cover the hole with the
8、 plastic sheet.,-6-,35.When a solar still works,drops of water come into the cup from . A.the plastic tube B.outside the hole C.the open air D.beneath the sheet,-7-,【文章结构】,-8-,【难点分析】 Unfortunately,you must carry the necessary equipment with you,since its all but impossible to find natural substitute
9、s.不幸的是,你必须随身携带这些必备的仪器,因为要找到天然的替代品几乎是不可能的。 分析:since.是原因状语从句;it是形式主语,to find.是不定式作真正的主语。all but意为“几乎”。 When the container is full,you can suck the refreshment out through the tube,and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink.当容器装满了水,你就可以通过吸水管把这些提神的水吸出来,而不必每次饮水时都要把装置拆掉。 分析:该句中的“eve
10、ry time you need a drink”是时间状语从句,表示“每当的时候”。,-9-,【语篇导读】美国农业部的两位博士研制出一种蒸馏器。在水资源短缺的区域,这是一种非常不错的获得饮用水的设备。 32.D 推理判断题。从文章第一段的“These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.”可知,这种集水器设备携带起来很方便。人们可以把它折叠成一个小包并系在腰带上。 33.B 词义猜测题。从文章第二段的“To construct a working still.”和画线词后的product
11、ivity可推断出画线部分指的是the still。 34.C 细节理解题。从文章第三段的“Next,cover the hole with the plastic sheet,securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.”可知,用塑料布把洞穴覆盖,并把塑料布的边缘用泥土弄牢。最后把一块石头压在塑料布的中心。因此选C项。,-10-,35.D 推理判断题。从文章最后一段的“Ground water evaporates and collects on th
12、e sheet until small drops of water form,run down the material and fall off into the cup.”可知,这种蒸馏器的工作原理是创造一个温室。地面的水向上蒸发并在塑料布上聚集形成小水滴,然后水滴顺着塑料布流下来落到杯子里。,-11-,A (2018天津C) Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus:food.Recent development has made possible machines that prin
13、t,cook,and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isnt stopping there. Food production With a 3D printer,a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience,but a printer makes it easy.A r
14、estaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant,all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.,-12-,Sustainability(可持续性) The global population is exp
15、ected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050,and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is becoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids
16、(水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock“food”that lasts years on end,freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.,-13-,Nu
17、trition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson,a professor at Columbia University,said,“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content,like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket,youd eat s
18、omething baked just for you on demand.”,-14-,Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing,the industry has many challenges to overcome.Currently,most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them,and the printing process is quite time-consuming,because ingre
19、dients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that,most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients,because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers,believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than ho
20、mes and high-end restaurants.,【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍一项新的3D食物打印技术。分别介绍食物打印的省时高效特点、所使用的原料的可持续性、提供顾客所需要的营养以及目前技术推广面临的挑战等。,-15-,1.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production? A.It helps cooks to create new dishes. B.It saves time and effort in cooking. C.It improves the cooking conditions. D.It
21、contributes to restaurant decorations.,答案,解析,-16-,2.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3? A.It solves food shortages easily. B.It quickens the transportation of food. C.It needs no space for the storage of food. D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.,答案,解析,-17-,3.Acco
22、rding to Paragraph 4,3D-printed food . A.is more available to consumers B.can meet individual nutritional needs C.is more tasty than food in supermarkets D.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials,答案,解析,-18-,4.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A.The pri
23、nting process is complicated. B.3D food printers are too expensive. C.Food materials have to be dry. D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.,答案,解析,-19-,5.What could be the best title of the passage? A.3D Food Printing:Delicious New Technology B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C.The Challenges f
24、or 3D Food Production D.3D Food Printing:From Farm to Table,答案,解析,-20-,B (2018山东济南二模) Many people traveled to Las Vegas,Nevada last week for the 50th Consumer Electronics Show,or CES.The show is said to have the largest collection of new electronic devices in the world. The show had many examples of
25、 “smart home” devices.“Smart home” technology is designed to make life easier for people by letting computers control many things inside our homes.One such device actually begins working outside the home,when someone arrives and rings the doorbell.,-21-,“When someone comes to your front door and rin
26、gs the doorbell,the light can turn on immediately.I get a notification when Im halfway around the world that someone came,and I can start talking to the person whos at my front door,and I can say,Oh,here let me let you in. I can unlock the door for them very easily.” said Vivint,a smart home service
27、 provider. One electronics maker launched a device that lets people see and interact with their animals when they are away.The device,from Petcube,lets you remotely watch and talk to your pet through a personal device,according to a company official.It can even give the pet a treatif you approve and
28、 order it.,-22-,For heating or cooling,there is a smart thermostat.This device can also send you a message if a big storm causes leaks or flooding.“Were trying to catch it with just a few drips before it becomes a really big problem,” said Mike Sale of iDevices. A concern for many homeowners is the
29、possibility that someone else might find a way to attack these smart home devices.An official from Vivint said his company is sure that only owners of the home can gain use of information on the devices.Warren Katz from iDevices said his company employs engineers from the defense industry to help pr
30、event hacking.,【语篇解读】本文是一篇科技产品说明文。作者介绍了内华达州拉斯维加斯消费者电子产品展示会中智能家庭电子产品的特点。,-23-,6.What can be learned about the show? A.It created much attraction to consumers. B.It has been held in Las Vegas many times. C.It only exhibited smart home devices. D.It is the largest show ever held.,答案,解析,-24-,7.Whats the
31、 purpose of Paragraph 3? A.To explain how to answer the door. B.To illustrate a smart home device. C.To tell a story about nice devices. D.To introduce a home service provider.,答案,解析,-25-,8.What may happen in the future according to the given examples? A.Computers may replace human workers one day.
32、B.A stranger can come into your house even if youre out. C.The house can repair for itself if a storm causes damage. D.You can take good care of your animals while youre away.,答案,解析,-26-,9.What can be inferred about the smart home device from the last paragraph? A.Information on the devices is easy to get. B.Many of the devices are not available now. C.Homeowners are concerned about its operation. D.Its safety can be guaranteed at present.,答案,解析,
