1、1语法贯通 编写说明 语法知识零碎、规则多、变化繁,怎样复习才高效?在同步学习小语法的基础上,一轮复习应高屋建瓴巧整合,明规则、总规律,让考生知其然更知其所以然;应该明考点、知考向,针对努力攻重点。本书以专题为编排单位、以考点为突破口,采用讲练结合的方式,做到点点突破、省时高效。语法奠基课一 学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题,以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,
2、分别承担着不同的作用,这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语subject 、谓语predicate 、宾语object 、表语predicative 、定语attribute 、状语adverbial 、补语complement 和同位语appositive 八种,它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚,各司其职,共同呵护着英语这个“极乐世界” 。一、主语习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短
3、语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。例 1 (2017浙江 11 月高考语法填空)and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement, _ means youll just keep getting better and better.分析 which 空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语,且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填关系代词 which。练 1 (2018浙江 6 月高考语法填空) Many westerners _ come to China 2c
4、ook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析: who/that 分析句子结构可知,空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“Many westerners”,且在从句中作主语, 所以应用 who 或 that 引导该定语从句。二、谓语坚决服从主语“领导” ,执行命令雷厉风行谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。Her father works in Nanjing.2复
5、合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;(2)由系动词加表语构成。They must have finished their tasks.例 2 (2017全国卷语法填空)Later, engineers _ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.分析 managed 空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词,根据时间状语 later 和定语从句的谓语动词 became 可知此处应用动词的一般过去时,且 engineers 与 manage
6、 之间为主动关系,故填 managed。练 2 (2018浙江 11 月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine _ (be) in your first Coke.解析:was 本空在句中充当谓语动词,为主系表结构;主语是“Caffeine” ,为不可数名词,再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时,所以应填 was。三、宾语一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用
7、 it 作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱” 。1双宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him 为间接宾语;advice 为直接宾语)2复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us 为宾语; “to pay more attention . r
8、egular examinations”为宾语补足语)3例 3 (2017全国卷语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants _(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.分析 to prove 根据句子结构可知,此处应该使用不定式作动词 want 的宾语。练 3 (2018浙江 11 月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause _ (they) to
9、 stay awake almost all night.解析:them 分析句子结构可知,空格处在从句中作 cause 的宾语,故用其宾格形式them。四、表语最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词(如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等)之后,用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等,一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。例 4 (2017全国卷语法填空)However, be_ (care) not to go to extremes.分析 careful 句意
10、:小心不要走极端。系动词 be 后应用形容词 careful 作表语。练 4 (2018浙江 6 月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be _ (afford) but doing this most days adds up. 解析:affordable 每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起,但经常在外面吃钱就会增加,空处作表语,故填 affordable。五、定语鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数
11、词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。例 5 (2017浙江 6 月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a _(shine) object.分析 shiny/shining 分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object,故应用形容词形式。shiny“发光的” ,shining“发光的,发亮的” 。练 5 (2016四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby,
12、not even to find something _ (eat)! 解析:to eat 此处表示找吃的东西,动作尚未进行,故填 to eat。4六、状语行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,所以说它“行踪飘忽不定” 。常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地
13、点状语一般放在时间状语之前;一些表示频度的副词(如 often, almost 等)作状语通常位于 be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法,所以说它对动词“情有独钟” 。例 6 (2017浙江 6 月高考语法填空)You need to _ (real) read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic.分析 really 此处修饰动词 read,用副词 really 作状语。练 6 (2018浙江 11 月高考语法填空) _ (recent), caffeine has found it
14、s way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析:Recently 此处作状语,修饰整个句子,应用副词,故应用 recent 的副词形式recently。七、补语始终寄人篱下,永远成不了“主人”补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语,所以说它寄人篱下,成不了“主人” 。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。例 7 (2017全国卷改编)When summer comes, they will invite their students _ (pick) the fres
15、h vegetables!分析 to pick 本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句,主句谓语动词为 invite, “their students”是宾语, “pick the fresh vegetables”是宾语补足语,根据 invite的固定用法“invite sb. to do sth.”可知,此处应填 to pick。练 7 (2015浙江高考改编)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _(perform) live is quite another.解析:being performed 句意:在家听音乐是
16、一回事,去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空格处为 hear 的宾语补足语,宾语 it 与 perform 之间为被动关系,且动5作正在进行,故填 being performed。八、同位语总是玩失踪,特殊场合还是显露原形一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用,这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的,所以说它“爱玩失踪” 。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语,可谓“显露原形” 。例 8 (2017全国卷改编)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang _ work in our school.分析 both 空处
17、在句中充当主语 Mr.and Mrs. Zhang 的同位语,因为主语是两个人,故同位语应用 both。练 8 (2019山东济宁一模)Mr. Johnson cares for us _ (student) very much.解析:students 名词 student 在句中作 us 的同位语成分,故根据 us 的意义可知,student 需要用复数形式。专题过关训练 .单句语法填空(从句子成分角度分析)1(2017浙江 11 月高考语法填空)Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and _ (they) use unco
18、nsciously .答案 their分析 这里的 use 为名词,应该用形容词性物主代词来修饰,作定语。2(2016全国卷)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow _ (steady)答案 steadily分析 grow 在此句中为实义动词,故应用副词形式修饰。3(2016全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is _ (honest)答案 honesty分析 从句中的主语是“the_key” ,与表语构成同位关系,所以此处应用名词作表语。4(2016全国卷)We can cho
19、ose between staying at home and _ (take) a trip.答案 taking6分析 between_._and 是固定结构,and 前后连接的是并列成分,因此 and 后需用动名词作宾语,和 staying 并列。5(2015浙江高考改编)The position of the classroom with its view made me _ (feel) like I was dreaming.答案 feel分析 make 后常用不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。.运用句子成分知识,将下列句子补充完整1(2018浙江 11 月高考写作) 6 月 23
20、号我乘坐从北京至伦敦的 FL753 班机时,我还随身携带着钱包。I had my wallet with me when_I_boarded_FL753 from Beijing to London on June 23.2(2018浙江 11 月高考概要写作)上网浏览学院的招生展会也会帮助你作出正确的决定。Visiting_the_online_college_fairs can also help you make_the_right_decision.3(2017浙江 6 月高考写作)所有这些活动都会帮助你放松自己。All_these_activities_will_help you r
21、elax yourself.4(2017浙江 6 月高考写作)我很荣幸能与你前去那里,一起享受这美好的日子。I will_be_honored to have you there with us, enjoying_the_colorful_days.5(2017浙江 11 月高考写作)很可能我们家全体成员都会在场,包括我祖父母、父母、叔叔、婶婶以及他们的孩子。Chances are that_all_the_family_members_will_be_there,_including my grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts with their
22、 kids.6(2017浙江 11 月高考写作)然后,我祖父母会给我们讲述一些民间故事,这些故事可以追溯到古时的中国。Then my grandparents will tell us some folk tales, dating_back_to_ancient_China.7(2017浙江 11 月高考写作)听说今年春节你不回去了,我很荣幸能邀请你和我的家人一起过春节。Hearing_that_you_wont_go_back_this_Spring_Festival,_Im more than honored to invite you to spend it with my famil
23、y.8(2017浙江 11 月高考写作)首先,我们会上一些中国的饭菜,像水饺和面条。First, well have some_Chinese_cuisine,_like dumplings and noodles.语法奠基课二 依据句子成分,学会分析长难句7一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎” ,另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台” ,在某种程度上来说,对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭” 。其实,长难句并不可怕,在正确划分句子成分的基础上,运用一定的“拆分”技巧,化繁为简、化长为短,其意立马显现。所以,无论是从学语法的角度,还是从英语综合
24、素养的角度,都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。一、长难句的常见形式1复合句这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实,不管句子有多长、多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构(如:I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。一般来说,复合句中的从句都是很常见的,考生比较熟悉的,但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,这样会导致整
25、个句子分析混乱。这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。例 1 What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)分析 此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19yearold who sav
26、ed his life”,是一个主语从句,其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由 who 引导的定语从句;is 为主干句的系动词,后面的 that 引导两个并列的表语从句。名师指津 分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。例 2 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine woul
27、d remain fresh for much longer.分析 此句的主语为 Pasteur,谓语是 discovered,第一个 that 引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中 after 引导状语从句,第二个 that 引导定语从句。第三个 that 引导同位语从句。名师指津 that 在长难句里面用得非常多,所以正确理解 that 引导的不同从句非常重要。2分隔结构8为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻,使语意严密,结构紧凑,可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构。高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信
28、息。此外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可以看作是插入现象,只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整,没有新增信息。例 3 The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom a notion (概念,观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者
29、)分析 两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。名师指津 分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分,它们打断了原来的行文逻辑,插入补充了一些额外的信息。3成分省略在英语句子中,用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复,突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子富于变化,增强表现力。例如在以 than, as 引导的比较状语从句中,一些成分往往被省略,而这会给理解带来一定的影响,而且这类句子出现频率较高,考生需要熟记。例 4 I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their
30、being challenged by the other participants.分析 and 后省略了重复成分 look forward,读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。名师指津 补充完整省略成分,才能正确理解语境。4改变语序改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法,或是为了强调句子表达的重心,或是强调一种表达语气,如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关,有明显的标志。例 5 The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子 ) fille
31、d with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.分析 此句正常语序为: .placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk .名师指津 还原为正常语序是理解语境的关键所在。二、长难句的突破策略1结构分析法9所谓结构分析法,就是通过语法分析,迅速弄清句子的结构,把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是:首先,判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句;然后,找出句子的核心成分,分清主语和谓语,再分清句子的附属成分。方
32、法一:较复杂单句的处理方法找主谓语,即找主干成分较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现,所以应引起同学们的足够重视。However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.分析 此句的主语为“many scientists”,主语后跟一个由 who 引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语,即 are doubtful 和 say, say 后面又接了一个宾语从句。Some com
33、panies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.分析 此句的主语为“Some companies”,句中有两个谓语,即 have made 和emphasize。At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute (道) doors and sets the recycling container turn
34、ing until the right box comes under the chute.分析 此句的主语为“a microcomputer” ,也有两个谓语,即 locks 和 sets。方法二:并列复合句的处理方法找并列连词The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the
35、wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.分析 第句中的 and 和第句中的 and 都是并列连词,各自连接两个并列单句。方法三:主从复合句的处理方法找从属连词Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage
36、was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.分析 Whereas 引导了一个从句,即“a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage”, 而“it wasnt unusual to hear a man say”为主句,其中 it 为形式主语,真正的主语为不定式。 “he didnt know his friends marriage
37、 was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词 that 的宾语从句,从句中又10含有 not . until 引导的时间状语从句,时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又各含有一个宾语从句:“his friends marriage was in serious trouble” (省略连接词 that);与“if he could sleep on the sofa” (从属连词 if)。方法四:并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法先读懂并列复合句,再看主从复合
38、句If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English William, the Conqueror.分析 首先找到并列连词 but,推知:If
39、you ask . “Webster”为 but 连接的第一分句, “none of these men . the Conqueror”为第二分句;第一分句中含 if 引导的条件状语从句,从句中又含有 who 引导的定语从句;第二分句中含 who 引导的定语从句。2意群阅读法一个句子可根据意思和语法结构分成若干小段,每一小段称之为一个意群。意群可以是一个词,一个词组或短语,也可以是一个并列句的分句或复合句的主句、从句等。此方法有助于提高阅读速度和理解的准确性。例如:When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other,an unbelted dri
40、ver would meet the windshield (挡风玻璃) with a force equal to diving headfirst (头向前地) into the ground from a height of 10 meters.分析 是状语从句,是主句,是 with 引导的介词短语作状语。这样,把整个句子划为 3 个意群,可以大大提高阅读速度。专题过关训练 运用长难句分析技巧分析下列长难句,并翻译成汉语1. (2018浙江 11 月高考阅读理解 A)The most welcome sight on a cold, wet winter night in London
41、is the familiar shape of a London taxi cab approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly.分析 on a cold, wet winter night 作时间状语;in London 作地点状语;of a London taxi . shining brightly 作 shape 的定语; approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly 是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰 taxi cab。翻译 _在伦敦寒
42、冷的雨夜,最令人欣喜的景象莫过于出租车那熟悉的车影,它向你驶来,顶灯闪耀着黄色的“空车”字样。2(2018浙江 11 月高考阅读理解 B)In the 1840s, however, educational 11reformers like Horace Mann moved to combine the two calendars out of concern that rural schooling was not enough and that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders.分析 out of conce
43、rn 作原因状语,that rural schooling was not enough 和that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders 作 concern 的同位语。翻译 然而,在 19 世纪 40 年代,像霍勒斯曼恩这样的教育改革家提议将两种历法结合起来,因为他们担心农村教育不够,又担心青少年过度用脑可能会导致精神紊乱。3(2017全国卷阅读理解 D)The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relative
44、ly speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.分析 but 连接两个并列分句。第二分句中, “relatively speaking”是插入语,“because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”是原因状语从句。翻译 通常对第一株植物的伤害更严重,但是相对来说,邻居们会更安全,因为它们听到了警报并知道做什么。4(2017全国卷阅读七选五)If someone knocks and its not an important matter, excus
45、e yourself and let the person know youre busy so they can get the hint (暗示) that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed.分析 “If someone knocks and its not an important matter”是 if 引导的条件状语从句。so 后面表示结果,在此部分中“that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed”是“the hint”的同位语从句,该从句中又含有 w
46、hen 引导的时间状语从句。翻译 如果有人敲门且不是什么重要的事情,就给自己找个借口,并让那个人知道你很忙,这样他们就能得到暗示,那就是当门关着时,你不想被打扰。5(2017浙江 6 月高考阅读理解 C)The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay shes had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a post
47、card to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.分析 根据 but 可知,本句是表示转折关系的并列句,但 but 前后又都包含较复杂的成分。前一部分的主要成分是 The Moldovan has lived here seven years;后一部分主要成分是 shes had to prove her language skills。同时第二部分中又包含 定语从句which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fiction
48、al job ad,修饰先行词 a_test。翻译 这个摩尔多瓦妇女已经在意大利 7 年了,她的工作是照顾意大利的小孩和老12人,但为了能够继续留在意大利,她将不得不参加一个语言测试,以此来证明自己的语言能力,这个测试要求她给一个虚构的朋友写一张明信片,同时回复一则虚构的招聘广告。专题一 名词与冠词名词的单复数1规则名词的 6 种复数变化形式变化规则 例词一般情况下 在词尾直接加s mouthmouths househouses以s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词在词尾加es glassglasses matchmatches以辅音字母y 结尾的名词 变 y 为 i,再加es countrycountries factoryfactories以元音字母y 结尾的