1、Guide for Design and Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures for Pavements Reported by ACI Committee 325 ACI 325.14R-17First Printing June 2017 ISBN: 978-1-945487-66-8 Guide for Design and Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures for Pavements Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
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11、gether in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1.248.848.3700 Fax: +1.248.848.3701 www.concrete.orgConcrete mixtures intended for pavements have purposes and desired characteristics that ar
12、e different from other types of mixtures, such as structural or mass concrete. Thus, a guide for designing concrete mixtures specific to paving, such as high- ways, streets, airfields, and parking lots, is necessary. This guide describes a method for designing mixtures and selecting trial mixture pr
13、oportions for hydraulic-cement concrete made with and without supplementary cementitious materials, chemical admix- tures, and fibers. The guide provides a method that focuses on designing the concrete mixture in the context of pavement struc- tural design, concrete production, construction operatio
14、ns, and the environment in which the pavement will reside. Trial mixture proportions are for concrete consisting of normalweight aggre- gates and concrete with workability suitable for various types of pavement construction, such as slipform, fixed-form, and laser- guided screeding. The method provi
15、des an initial approximation of proportions intended to be analyzed to assess their perfor- mance potential for mixing, transporting, placing, screeding and consolidating, finishing, texturing, and time-of-setting. The method also considers the hardened concrete performance parameters of strength, d
16、urability, abrasion resistance, skid resistance, smooth- ness, and dimensional and shape stability. Methods of checking for incompatibilities of materials in given construction environments are included, as well as methods for aggregate grading optimiza- tion. Resulting proportions should be checked
17、 by preparing and analyzing trial mixtures in the laboratory, then in the field, and adjusting as necessary to produce the desired concrete characteris- tics. Special concrete pavement mixtures, such as pervious concrete or roller-compacted concrete, are not included in the document. This is a dual-
18、unit document; however , paired values stated in inch- pound and SI units are usually not exact equivalents. Therefore, either system should be used independently of the other. Keywords: aggregate optimization; aggregates; cementitious materials; fly ash; incompatibility; intermediate aggregate; mix
19、ture proportioning; mixtures; pavements; slag cement. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. 2 1.1General, p. 2 1.2Mixture design goals, p. 2 David W. Pittman, Chair ACI 325.14R-17 Guide for Design and Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures for Pavements Reported by ACI Committee 325 David J. Akers Richard
20、O. Albright William L. Arent Jamshid M. Armaghani Bob J. Banka Neeraj J. Buch Tim Cost * Juan Pablo Covarrubias Mohamed Nasser Darwish Norbert J. Delatte W. Charles Greer Jerry A. Holland * Gary L. Mitchell Jon I. Mullarky Kamran M. Nemati Nigel K. Parkes Steven A. Ragan David Richardson John W. Rob
21、erts * Terry W. Sherman Alex Hak-Chul Shin Kurt D. Smith Anthony M. Sorcic * Shiraz D. Tayabji Peter C. Taylor * Samuel S. Tyson Thomas J. Van Dam Don J. Wade W. James Wilde Gergis W. William James M. Willson Dan G. Zollinger Consulting Members Michael I. Darter John L. Rice Raymond S. Rollings The
22、committee would like to acknowledge P. Bly and S. Palotta for their contributions to this guide. * Members of subcommittee that prepared this guide. Chair of subcommittee that prepared this guide. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, execu
23、ting, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institut
24、e disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the
25、contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. ACI 325.14R-17 was adopted and published June 2017. Copyright 2017, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, inc
26、luding the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 1CHAPT
27、ER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 3 2.1Notation, p. 3 2.2Definitions, p. 3 CHAPTER 3BASIC PROPERTIES, p. 4 3.1Desired properties, p. 4 3.2Workability, p. 4 3.3Strength, p. 8 3.4Durability, p. 10 3.5Skid resistance, p. 12 3.6Smoothness, p. 12 3.7Dimensional and shape stability, p. 13 3.8Time of settin
28、g, p. 14 3.9Basic properties and considerations, p. 14 3.10Sustainability, p. 14 3.11Innovative methods and materials, p. 15 CHAPTER 4MATERIALS, p. 16 4.1Aggregate, p. 16 4.2Portland cement, p. 17 4.3Supplementary cementitious materials, p. 17 4.4Blended cement, p. 18 4.5Water, p. 19 4.6Chemical adm
29、ixtures, p. 19 4.7Fibers, p. 20 4.8Summary, p. 21 CHAPTER 5MIXTURE PROPORTIONING, p. 21 5.1Mixture design, p. 21 5.2Proportioning methods, p. 21 5.3Preliminary testing, p. 21 5.4Proportioning procedure, p. 21 CHAPTER 6SAMPLE MIXTURE DESIGNS, p. 35 6.1Example 1: Urban highway, slipform, traditional g
30、rading, no SCMs (U.S. customary units), p. 36 6.2Example 2: Urban highway, slipform, optimized grading, Class C fly ash (U.S. customary units), p. 40 6.3Example 3: City street, fixed-form, optimized grading, sulfate soil, slag cement (U.S. customary units), p. 47 6.4Example 4: Airfield, slipform, tr
31、aditional grading, alkali-silica reaction aggregate, Class F fly ash (U.S. customary units), p. 52 6.5Example 5: Parking lot, laser-guided screed, opti- mized grading, fibers (U.S. customary units), p. 57 6.6Example 6: Urban highway, slipform, traditional grading, no SCMs (SI units), p. 62 CHAPTER 7
32、REFERENCES, p. 68 Authored documents, p. 69 CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION 1.1General This document is intended to be used as a supplement to ACI 211.1, specifically for paving concrete mixtures. ACI 211.1 provides an in-depth discussion of concrete mixture characteristics and technology. It is unnecessary t
33、o repeat this information within this guide. Rather, this guide will point out the concepts specific to paving mixtures that are not fully developed in ACI 211.1. Additionally, concepts of materials compatibility, durability, solutions for alkali-silica and sulfate reactions, and aggregate grading o
34、ptimization are more fully developed in this document. Mixtures consid- ered in this document would be suitable as paving mixtures for airports, highways, streets, or parking lots. 1.2Mixture design goals The design of a concrete mixture suitable for paving includes the desired outcomes of productio
35、n, construction, service life, economy, and sustainability. Material selection and mixture proportioning are the means of obtaining the goals of the mixture design, and should consider materials suitability and availability in relation with the proposed production technology and construction constra
36、ints. Ideally, the concrete mixture design method will assist the mixture designer to (Transtec Group, Inc. 2010): (a) Identify important performance criteria that are func- tions of the climate, weather during construction, service conditions, and importance of the project (b) Identify mixture perf
37、ormance criteria (such as strength and durability) (c) Identify recommended test methods (d) Assess the impact of changes in weather, construction procedures, materials, and proportions on constructability and service performance (e) Provide methods for aggregate blending (f) Produce mixture proport
38、ions based on all the above (g) Provide mixture performance criteria optimization opportunities A successful mixture design will meet the performance criteria of the paving contractor for: the mixtures ability to be properly mixed, transported, placed, screeded and consol- idated, finished, and text
39、ured without segregation within the constraints of the proposed construction operation; schedule (including weather); production technology; and material availability. A successful mixture design will also meet the performance criteria of the owner to provide sufficient strength, durability, wear re
40、sistance, skid resistance, and dimensional and shape stability while achieving economy and sustainability. These properties are interrelated. For instance, placeability and finishability are important to the integrity of the top 1/8 in. (3 mm) of the slab surface, thus affecting resistance to freezi
41、ng and thawing as well as wear resistance. To achieve all these goals, the optimal combina- tion of materials and proportions should be provided. The dilemma of mixture design and proportioning involves conflicting combinations of benefits and disadvantages as materials and proportions are varied. R
42、eduction of water content will increase strength and durability while reducing shrinkage and edge slump. It may, however, negatively impact finishability and smoothness, which refers to the undulation of the concrete surface elevation, not the surface texture or skid resistance, and could reduce the
43、 ability to entrain air, thereby reducing durability. Raising the air content will increase dura- bility, but lower strength. Use of locally available aggregate American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org 2 GUIDE FOR DESIGN AND PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE MIXTURE FOR PAVEMENTS (A
44、CI 325.14R-17)may be less expensive, but gap-graded or poorly-shaped mate- rial may negatively impact finishability, smoothness, and edge slump. Increased water content may increase workability and finishability, but decreases strength and durability. Material incompatibilities will further complica
45、te the issue. The intent of this guide is to find a way through these issues and produce successful mixture designs. Mixture design criteria taken into consideration in this guide include: a) Slump b) Air content c) Strength d) Resistance to freezing and thawing e) Sulfate attack f) Alkali-silica re
46、action g) Modulus of elasticity h) Thermal expansion and contraction i) Shrinkage j) Warping k) Curling l) Abrasion resistance m) Setting time n) Permeability o) Corrosion resistance of reinforcing steel CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1Notation Abs = absorption of an aggregate AEA adj= adjustme
47、nt of water requirement for use of air-entraining admixture DRD avg= dry-rodded density of combined CA and IA aggregate DRD CA= dry-rodded density of coarse aggregate DRD FA= dry-rodded density of fine aggregate DRD IA= dry-rodded density of intermediate aggregate f c= compressive strength f c = spe
48、cified compressive strength of concrete f cr = required average compressive strength of concrete used as the basis for selection of concrete proportions Fly ash adj= adjustment of water requirement for use of fly ash G admix= specific gravity of admixture G CA,OD= oven-dry specific gravity of coarse
49、 aggregate G CA,SSD= saturated surface-dry specific gravity of coarse aggregate G cem= specific gravity of cement G cm= specific gravity of cementitious material G F A,OD= oven-dry specific gravity of fine aggregate G F A,SSD= saturated surface-dry specific gravity of fine aggregate G fly ash= specific gravity of fly ash G IA,OD= oven-dry specific gravity of intermediate aggregate G IA,SSD= saturated surface-dry specific gravity of intermediate aggregate G w= specific gravity of water HRWRA adj= adjustment of water requirement for
