1、Designation: D2014 97 (Reapproved 2010)D2014/D2014M 19Standard Test Method forExpansion or Contraction of Coal by the Sole-Heated Oven1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2014;D2014/D2014M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a large-scale laboratory test for obtaining information on
3、 the expansion or contraction of coal orcoal blends during carbonization under specified conditions. This test method is applicable in the examination of coals or coalblends intended for use in the manufacture of coke.1.2 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units
4、shall be accepted on an equivalent basis.eitherSI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exactequivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and
5、valuesfrom the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and deter
6、mine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations i
7、ssuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of CoalD3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalE11 Specificatio
8、n for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves3. Summary of Test Method3.1 During the test, a measured thickness of coal about 102 mm (4 in.) 102 mm 4 in. is heated from the bottom surface whilea force corresponding to 15.2 kPa (2.20 psi) 15.17 kPa 2.20 psi is applied to the top surface through a
9、 piston. At the end of thetest, the thickness of the coke is measured by observing the final position of the piston.4. Significance and Use4.1 The values determined in this test method indicate to what extent a given coal or coal blend will expand or contract duringthe carbonization process when eva
10、luated in terms of pertinent experience with other coals and coal blends and processingconditions used in commercial-type coke ovens.5. Apparatus5.1 Test Oven Assembly, consisting of the following: either a single-chamber oven having approximately 280-mm (11-in.) width,610-mm (24-in.)280 mm 11 in. w
11、idth, 610 mm 24 in. length, and 280-mm 280 mm 11 in. depth, or a double-chambered ovenwith two chambers each having approximately 280-mm 280 mm 11 in. width, length, and depth; a heating system to heat thecharge(s) unidirectionally through the sole according to a controlled program; piston(s) arrang
12、ed so that a constant load may be1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.15 on Metallurgical Propertiesof Coal and Coke.Current edition approved May 1, 2010Jan. 1, 2019. Published May 2010 February 2019.
13、Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 asD2014 97 (2004).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D2014-97R10.10.1520/D2014_D2014M-19.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standard
14、svolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to
15、adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1applied to the top surface of the charge; and suitable instrumentation so that appropriate temperatures and the position of thepiston(s) may be measured. The auxiliary equipment includes apparatus facilitating the charging of the oven in a standard manner.The ve
17、rtical partition of the double-chambered oven may be of 2-in. (51-mm)51 mm 2 in. firebrick tile or equivalent.5.1.1 Carbonization Chamber:5.1.1.1 The sole shall be of silicon carbide tile, about 40 mm (1.5 in.) thick, 305 mm (12 in.) 40 mm 1.5 in. thick, 305 mm12 in. wide, and extending approximatel
18、y 75 mm (3 in.) 75 mm 3 in. beyond the carbonization chamber at the front and back.Side, front, and back walls should be 40-mm 40 mm 1.5 in. firebrick tile or equivalent. It is appropriate to key the sole to theside and back tiles. The top edges of sidewalls shall be held in an adjustable steel fram
19、ework so that the walls may be made andmaintained precisely perpendicular to the sole. Hole(s) 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) 6.35 mm 0.25 in. in diameter shall be provided throughthe side of the oven to enable the placement of thermocouple(s) on the top surface of the sole in the center of the oven chamber(s).
20、5.1.1.2 In constructing the oven, the sides and ends of the carbonization chamber shall be surrounded with at least 200 mm (8in.) 200 mm 8 in. of insulating refractories and the whole assembly encased in a suitable restraining structure of steel shapes andplates designed to provide dimensional stabi
21、lity.5.1.2 Sole-Heating System:5.1.2.1 The heating system shall consist of a group of electrical heating elements mounted under the silicon carbide sole andsuitable equipment to provide automatic control. Heating elements may be either silicon carbide-type resistance elements or coilsof heating wire
22、 enclosed in silica tubes. Elements shall be arranged to obtain minimum variation of temperature over the area ofthe sole. It is desirable to incorporate a maximum number of supports for the silicon carbide sole tile. The brickwork and steelworkbeneath the heating flues shall be of appropriate desig
23、n to maintain rigidity of the oven under the temperature and load stressesof operation.5.1.2.2 The thermocouple used for temperature control is located in a position which enables the sole to be heated in accordancewith the sole temperature program shown in Table 1. The heating system shall be capab
24、le of reachieving the initial set pointtemperature of 554C554 C within 10 min 10 min of charging the oven and of heating the sole in accordance with the soletemperature program shown in Table 1.5.1.2.3 The temperature control thermocouple may be installed in the heating flue or in contact with the s
25、ole plate.5.1.3 PistonThe piston assembly shall include a massive bottom plate of metal to which an upper steel assembly is rigidlyattached. The bottom plate shall be 19-19 mm or 25-mm (0.75-25 mm 0.75 in. or 1-in.)1 in. cast steel or cast iron in one piecewith square edges. Dimensions are to be so
26、chosen that the clearances between piston edges and chamber walls, ends, and sides,at the conclusion of a test (upper surface of coal at 500C)500 C) are at least 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) 3.2 mm 0.125 in. but not asmuch as 9.5 mm (0.375 in.). A10- to 130-mm (4.5- to 5-in.)9.5 mm 0.375 in. A 10 mm to 130 mm
27、 4.5 in. to 5 in. layer ofinsulating refractory shall be formed upon the steel plate, the sides being recessed somewhat within the piston edges. The uppersteel assembly shall be rigidly fastened to the corners of the lower plate with steel supports. The upper steel assembly and cornersupports shall
28、be of adequate strength to permit application of the desired load and shall be fitted with appropriate hardware topermit ready placement into or removal from the carbonization chamber. A vertical hole, 13 mm (0.5 in.) 13 mm 0.5 in. indiameter, piercing the piston assembly, including lower plate shal
29、l be provided on the longitudinal center line for a thermocouple,about 200 mm (8 in.) 200 mm 8 in. from either the front or rear edge of the piston.5.1.4 Apparatus for Loading PistonApparatus shall be provided so that a constant load of 15.17 6 0.35 kPa (2.20 6 0.05 psi)15.17 kPa 6 0.35 kPa 2.20 psi
30、 6 0.05 psi calculated over the measured area of the piston plate, may be applied to the pistonduring the test. The manner of applying this load is not critical. Examples of suitable procedures are (1) use of a hydraulic pistonas shown in Fig. 1, (2) use of a hinged lever-arm system bearing on a ful
31、crum mounted on the upper steelwork of the pistonstructure, and (3) placement of sufficient additional dead weights on the piston itself. Whatever system is chosen should becharacterized by rapid assembly for the prompt application of force after charging.6. Instrumentation6.1 Piston MovementThe exc
32、ursion of the piston from an initial reference position may be measured either manually, byobserving the movement of an indicator, or automatically by means of an appropriate transducer and recording system.ApreferredTABLE 1 Sole Temperatures ProgramTime, (h) After InitialSetpoint of 554C554 CAchiev
33、edTemperature,C0.00 5541.00 6852.00 7773.00 8404.00 8895.00 9216.00 9437.00 950from then on 950D2014/D2014M 192form of indicator is a witness point on a silica rod mounted on the upper surface of the lower piston plate and not connected inany way to the remaining piston structure. When using this de
34、sign of indicator, no corrections need be made for expansion of thepiston structure itself. Alternatively, the basic indicator may be mounted on the upper steel structure of the piston. In this event,any correction for piston expansion during a test, if necessary, shall be determined by appropriate
35、preliminary calibration.Measurements of the position of the indicator may be made by directly observing the witness point with a cathetometer or by usinga suitable mechanical or electrical system of magnifying movement. Apparatus of the latter type should be calibrated with anaccurate cathetometer.W
36、hatever type of indicator is used it shall be placed as close to the geometric center of the piston as possible.6.1.1 Thermocouples shall be provided for measuring both the temperature of the top surface of the sole (maximum of about950C)950 C) and the temperature of the top surface of the coal (max
37、imum about 500C)500 C) (Note 2). The thermowellcontaining the sole couple shall be placed horizontally through the hole in the sidewall or endwall tile so that the thermowell liesflat with its tip near the geometric center of the sole. The thermowell containing the top surface thermocouple shall be
38、placed inthe vertical hole in the piston and adjusted so that its lowest point is flush with the lower surface of the piston plate.NOTE 1Type K Chromel-Alumel thermocouples have proven satisfactory in these applications. Quartz or porcelain is a satisfactory material forthermocouple protection tubin
39、g. Mild steel or stainless tubing may also be used but will require frequent replacement.7. Accessory Equipment7.1 Auxiliary ApparatusNecessary auxiliary apparatus includes a sole cover plate, a charging hopper, and an adjustableleveling device:7.1.1 Sole Cover Plate, conforming to the dimensions of
40、 the piston plate and consisting of a suitable metal frameworkcontaining either a layer of insulating brick or an equivalent layer of insulating refractory. It shall be placed on the sole overnightand during other short periods of nonoperation to reduce heat losses and facilitate maintenance of prop
41、er sole temperature beforethe start of a test.7.1.2 Hopper and Leveling DeviceFunctionally adequate designs of hopper and leveling devices are shown in Fig. 2. Theleveling device should be constructed so as to be quickly adjustable.7.1.3 The provision of a permanently installed crane for handling th
42、e piston in and out of the carbonization chamber facilitatesconvenience of operation. A hood over the whole assembly is desirable for the removal and venting of carbonization gases.8. Sampling8.1 The gross sample shall be collected in accordance with Practice D2234/D2234M.FIG. 1 Sole-Heated OvenD201
43、4/D2014M 1938.2 About 30 kg (66 lbs) 30 kg 66 lb of sample (sufficient for performing duplicate sole-heated oven tests) shall be prepared.The sample shall pass a 4.75-mm (No. 4) 4.75 mm No. 4 sieve and shall have between 22 % and 4 % total moisture content. Onlyoversized coal is to be stage crushed
44、to prepare the sample to pass a 4.75-mm (No. 4) 4.75 mm No. 4 sieve. If required, moisturecontent may be reduced by air drying. Heating the air is permitted provided that the heated air is 10C10 C above ambientconditions and never exceeds 35C.35 C. The prepared sample is to be placed in a sealed con
45、tainer until ready for testing. Ifrequired, moisture content of the coal may be increased by sprinkling water over the coal and thoroughly mixing the coal andapplied water together to form a homogeneous mixture.9. Procedure9.1 Maintain overnight heating levels so that the temperature of a thermocoup
46、le placed on the sole, under the sole cover plate,is near 554C.554 C.As a preliminary to a test, adjust the automatic controller, if necessary, to maintain this temperature and beginthe test as soon as this temperature has been achieved.9.2 For a single-chamber oven, weigh 13.113.1 kg 6 0.02 kg (28.
47、8828.88 lb 6 0.05 lb) 0.05 lb of the prepared sample andtransfer completely to a charging hopper. For each chamber of a double-chambered oven, weigh 6.0 6 0.02 kg (13.23 6 0.05 lb)6.0 kg 6 0.02 kg 13.23 lb 6 0.05 lb of the prepared sample and transfer completely to a charging hopper. Shortly before
48、loadingthe hopper, collect a small sample of the prepared coal for a moisture determination and place in an airtight container.9.3 With the sole thermocouple in position and indicating 554C,554 C, remove the sole cover plate, place the hoppercontaining the weighed quantity of charge over the oven, a
49、nd allow the coal to fall into the carbonization chamber. Place theautomatic temperature program controller into operation at the instant of charging. Use the leveling device, which has beenpreadjusted, to produce a level coal surface quickly without excess at either end.Afurther quick adjustment of the leveling devicemay be necessary at this time.9.4 Lower the piston onto the surface of the coal charge, taking care to guide it so that desired clearances are maintained onall sides. Then adjust the pist
