1、Designation: E3183 18Standard Guide forHarvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active andInactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides a framework to address criticalaspects related to the harvesting of CCPs
3、placed in active(operational) and inactive (closed or no longer receiving CCPs)storage areas. These storage areas may be used for wet or drymaterial, and may be located at active or inactive facilities (thatis, coal-fired electric utilities or independent power producersthat are currently generating
4、 electricity or have ceased to do so,respectively). Also, CCPs may be harvested from active orinactive storage areas located on-site or off-site of the facility.1.2 This guide does not include information on how todetermine what storage areas or facilities, or both should beselected for potential ha
5、rvesting of CCPs, as each entity mayapproach a harvesting program in accordance with their ownharvesting pursuits and regulatory requirements. In addition, itdoes not include information on how an energy company orother interested parties should evaluate inventories to deter-mine the order of their
6、storage areas for potential harvesting,including consideration of risk, performance and cost. Thisguide is intended to be used to evaluate the potential harvestingof the storage areas once the storage areas are selected forevaluation.1.3 This guide is comprised of the following sections:Scope, Secti
7、on 1; Referenced Documents, Section 2;Terminology, Section 3; Significance and Use, Section 4;Project Planning and Scoping, Section 5: Background Reviewof CCP Storage Areas, Section 6; Detailed Characterization ofCCP Storage Areas, Section 7; Harvesting Planning andScoping of CCP Storage Areas, Sect
8、ion 8; Harvesting DetailedDesign and Approval (as applicable) of CCP Storage Areas,Section 9; and Harvesting Implementation of CCP StorageAreas, Section 10. Not all information within this guide will benecessary for each harvesting project, and the user shoulddetermine the applicability of each sect
9、ion.1.3.1 Section 1, Scope, includes information related tocontents of this guide, as well as what is not included in thisguide.1.3.2 Section 2, Referenced Documents, includes publisheddocuments referenced within this guide.1.3.3 Section 3, Terminology, includes definitions for termsas they relate t
10、o this guide.1.3.4 Section 4, Significance and Use, describes the benefi-cial use of CCPs stored within active and inactive storageareas, including each CCP potential beneficial use; the contextof the guide and its use; the professional judgment that isappropriate for use of the guide; and the inher
11、ent uncertaintywith the processes described within the guide.1.3.5 Section 5, Project Planning and Scoping, describes thesteps needed prior to implementing this guide, including:establishing a project team; determining what storage areaswithin the facility should be evaluated for potential harvestin
12、gof CCPs; determining the potential materials to be harvested;compiling existing land use, environmental compliance,geologic/hydrogeologic, topographic, design and constructioninformation; estimating potential project costs and projectschedule with contingencies (if feasible); and identifyingfactors
13、 that may impact the ability to harvest the CCPs.1.3.6 Section 6, Site Background Review of CCP StorageAreas, describes the steps for evaluating the attributes ofstorage areas at the facility relative to harvestingCCPs.1.3.7 Section 7, Detailed Characterization of CCP StorageAreas, describes the ste
14、ps for developing and implementing theCCP characterization sampling and analysis plan that willevaluate the chemical and physical characteristics of the CCPswithin the storage areas, and determining if amendments to theCCPs will be needed for beneficial use.1.3.8 Section 8, Harvesting Planning and S
15、coping of CCPStorage Areas, describes the steps necessary to evaluate theapproval status of the storage areas and develop a conceptualharvesting strategy and approval approach for the project.Considerations are given for both active and inactive storageareas.1.3.9 Section 9, Harvesting Detailed Desi
16、gn and Approval(as applicable) of CCP Storage Areas, describes the stepsneeded to prepare the detailed design and approval documents(as applicable) for the CCP storage area harvesting andreceive the appropriate approval (as applicable).1.3.10 Section 10, Harvesting Implementation of CCP Stor-age Are
17、as, describes the steps needed to implement the storage1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 onEnvironmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2018.
18、Published February 2019. DOI:10.1520/E318318Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decisi
19、on on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1area harvesting plans from installation of the appropriatepre-harvesting components and harvesting the CCPs in accor-dance wi
20、th the approval requirements, to completing thepost-harvesting monitoring and inspections.1.3.11 Sections 6 through 10 provide the five phases (PhaseI through V) of the harvesting process that follow once storageareas are selected for harvesting evaluation. Informationrelated to Phase I through V is
21、 located on Table 1.1.4 This guide does not include information on the process-ing of harvested CCPs, and therefore, additional approvals notdiscussed within this guide may be needed (for example,residual waste processing approvals, air approvals specific toprocessing, water control approvals, stora
22、ge system approvals,etc.).1.5 As CCPs are produced, they may be sent off-site directlyto beneficial use applications, such as concrete, wallboard andcontrolled or structural fills, while the alternative is to directthem to dry or wet storage areas. Although many CCPs wereplaced in storage due to not
23、 meeting applicable specificationsfor use, many other CCPs were stored for lack of market. Ineither case, the CCPs retain the ability to be considered awanted material that provides a functional benefit and a benefitto the environment. They can be harvested and lightlyprocessed, if necessary, to mee
24、t relevant product specificationsand substitute for the raw materials. Depending on the type andhomogeneity of CCPs and the type of storage area from whichthe materials are being harvested (that is, dry or wet storageareas), this harvesting and processing may include, but is notlimited to, excavatin
25、g or dewatering/dredging, drying, milling,classifying and storing or transporting the material before theyare beneficially used.1.6 The CCPs that may be harvested include: fly ash, bottomash and economizer ash generated by powdered carbon boilers;boiler slag; flue gas desulfurization material; fluid
26、ized-bedcombustion products as defined in Terminology E2201; ceno-spheres; or other materials suitable for beneficial use.1.7 Laws and approval requirements governing the use ofCCPs vary by locality, state and country and generally do notyet include provisions for CCP harvesting as described herein.
27、The user of this guide is responsible for determining andcomplying with the applicable approval requirements, whichmay extend beyond harvesting to include approval require-ments or guidance on issues such as storage, transportation,end use and other concepts. This guide complements approvalprograms
28、where guidance on harvesting is unavailable orinsufficient, thereby improving the chance that such storageareas may be repurposed for public or private benefit, or both.It is important to engage and educate the approval authorityearly and often throughout the planning, design and implemen-tation of
29、the harvesting activities. The project team may alsoconsider affording an opportunity to solicit input from otherstakeholders.1.8 This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid,minimize or delay implementation of specific management,operation, closure, or remediation activities, or both a
30、s appro-priate by law or directive, unless the harvesting activities areconducted in conjunction with such strategies to maintain orachieve compliance with the approval requirements or asotherwise agreed upon with the appropriate authorizing agen-cies.1.9 This guide should not be used to characteriz
31、e (that is,environmentally assess) a storage area for ownership transferalthough portions of such information may supplement otherenvironmental assessments that are used in such a transfer.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It i
32、s theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on s
33、tandard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing
34、 Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsE2201 Terminology for Coal Combustion ProductsE2277 Guide for Design and Construction
35、 of Coal AshStructural Fills3. Terminology3.1 For additional definitions related to coal combustionproducts (CCPs), see Terminology E2201. For definitionsrelated to geotechnical properties, see Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 active facility, na facility producing electricity.3.2.2 active sto
36、rage area, na storage area that has hadCCPs placed within it, but has not completed closure inaccordance with the approval authority requirements.3.2.3 approval authority, nan authority that is tasked toensure compliance with environmental protection and public/worker safety laws and directives conc
37、erning the managementof CCP storage areas; this includes governments of cities,counties, states, countries, provinces and tribal organizations.3.2.4 beneficial use of coal combustion products (CCPs),nthe use of or substitution of the coal combustion products(CCPs) for another product based on perfor
38、mance criteria. TheCCPs will be used in a manner that meets the designspecification, conserves natural resources and energy, reducesgreenhouse gas emissions, and/or protects human health andthe environment, along with other benefits. For purposes of this2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
39、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E3183 182definition, beneficial use includes, but is not limited to, rawfeed for cement clinker, concrete,
40、grout, flowable fill, con-trolled low strength material; controlled or structural fill; roadbase/sub-base; soil modification; mineral filler; snow and icetraction control; blasting grit and abrasives; roofing granules;mining applications; wallboard; waste stabilization/solidification; soil amendment
41、; and agriculture.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSee Terminology E2201 for more in-formation.3.2.5 boiler slag, na molten ash collected at the base ofslag tap and cyclone boilers that is quenched with water andshattered into black, angular particles having a smooth, glassyappearance.3.2.6 bottom ash, nagglomerat
42、ed ash particles formed inpulverized coal boilers that are too large to be carried in theflue gases and impinge on the boiler walls or fall through opengrates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the boiler.3.2.6.1 DiscussionSee Terminology E2201 for more in-formation.3.2.7 caps or cover, nnatural (for
43、 example, engineeredsoil liners or caps) or synthetic (for example, linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE) materials placed on the top of astorage area to minimize the infiltration of rainwater into thestorage area.3.2.8 cenospheres, nlightweight, inert, hollow spheresmade largely of silica and alu
44、mina and filled with air or inertgas, typically produced as a byproduct of coal combustion atpower plants.3.2.9 closure, nfor permitted storage areas, closure of astorage area is completed by either meeting harvesting goalsand project endpoints or installing a cap/cover, as appropriate,per the appro
45、val authority.3.2.10 coal ash, na collective term referring to any solidmaterials produced primarily from the process of combustionof coal (for example, fly ash, bottom ash,orboiler slag).3.2.11 coal combustion products (CCPs), nfly ash, bottomash, boiler slag, fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash,orf
46、luegas desulfurization (FGD) material produced primarily fromthe combustion of coal or the cleaning of the stack gases.3.2.12 contact water, nthe liquid byproduct of CCP place-ment or harvesting within the active or inactive storage areawhose origin may be the CCPs combined with rainwater thatruns o
47、ff the CCPs and does not infiltrate the CCPs.3.2.13 dry CCPs, nCCPs placed in a dry storage area notcontaining free liquids.3.2.14 dry storage area, nthe location where dry CCPsare stored; a dry stack, valley fill, landfill, storage unit or cell,which is designed to hold an accumulation of CCPs andl
48、eachate.3.2.15 economizer ash, ncoal ash that exits the combus-tion chamber carried in the flue gases used by the economizer,which is typically captured by hoppers. Economizer ash isheavier/coarser than fly ash, but lighter/less coarse than bottomash.3.2.16 engineering controls, nconstructed measure
49、s thatminimize the flow of liquids into or out of a regulated storagearea (for example, engineered soil liners or caps, leachatecollection and removal systems, dewatering systems, andsurface water management systems).3.2.17 environmental professional, na person trained andexperienced in the management of materials and storage areas;he or she has the credentials to make professional judgmentsabout the acceptability of how land is used, potential impacts tosafety, human health and the environment, and the effective-ness of engineering, institutional and regulatory co
