1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24473 First edition 2008-04-15 Reference number ISO 24473:2008(E) ISO 2008 Fire tests Open calorimetry Measurement of the rate of production of heat and combustion products for fires of up to 40 MW Essais au feu Calorimtrie ouverte Mesurage de la vitesse de production de c
2、haleur et de produits de combustion dans le cas de feux ayant un dbit thermique infrieur ou gal 40 MWISO 24473:2008(E) ii ISO 2008 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall
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7、7 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in SwitzerlandISO 24473:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iii Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 2 4 Principle 2 5 Hood and exhaust duct . 3 5.1 Requirements of the hood/duct and extraction system 3 5.2 Labo
8、ratory requirements 3 6 Instrumentation of the exhaust duct 3 6.1 General . 3 6.2 Volume flow rate 3 6.3 Gas temperature 4 6.4 Gas analysis 4 6.5 Optical density . 5 7 Additional equipment and procedures 5 7.1 Weigh platform 5 7.2 Heat flux measurements . 5 7.3 Data recorder . 6 7.4 Timing device 6
9、8 Heat and smoke release measurement . 6 9 Experimental arrangements . 6 10 Ignition sources . 6 10.1 General . 6 10.2 Calibration of gas burners 7 11 System performance . 7 11.1 HRR measurement confirmation . 7 11.2 System response . 8 11.3 Precision 8 12 Reliability of data . 8 13 Preparation of t
10、est specimens . 8 14 Testing 9 14.1 Initial conditions 9 14.2 Procedure . 9 15 Test report 10 Annex A (informative) Design of the hood and exhaust system 11 Annex B (informative) Instrumentation of the exhaust duct 16 Annex C (informative) Procedure for checking the stability of the oxygen analyser
11、. 18 Annex D (informative) Light measuring systems 19 Annex E (informative) Calculations 21 Annex F (informative) Ignition sources 25ISO 24473:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved Annex G (normative) Specific procedure for testing upholstered furniture . 27 Annex H (informative) Repeatability and
12、 reproducibility 29 Bibliography . 30ISO 24473:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out th
13、rough ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collab
14、orates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Stan
15、dards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of
16、 this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 24473 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth vi INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24473:2008(E) ISO 200
17、8 All rights reserved 1 Fire tests Open calorimetry Measurement of the rate of production of heat and combustion products for fires of up to 40 MW WARNINGSo that suitable precautions can be taken to safeguard health, the attention of all concerned in fire tests is drawn to the possibility that toxic
18、 or harmful gases can be evolved during combustion of test specimens. The test procedures involve high temperatures. Hazards can therefore exist for burns and ignition of extraneous objects or clothing. The operators should use protective clothing, helmets, face-shields and breathing equipment for a
19、voiding exposure to toxic gases. Laboratory safety procedures should be set up to ensure the safe termination of tests. Adequate means of extinguishing such a fire must be provided. Specimen collapse may also occur in the laboratory space. Laboratory safety procedures should be set up to ensure safe
20、ty of personnel with due consideration to such situations. 1S c o p e This International Standard specifies a series of test methods that simulate a real scale fire on a test object or group of objects under well-ventilated conditions. A range of different fire sizes can be studied according to the
21、scale of the equipment available. The method is intended to evaluate the contribution to fire growth provided by an object or group of objects using a specified ignition source. A test performed in accordance with the method specified in this International Standard provides data for all stages of a
22、fire. NOTE When the data are used in relation to specific situations the effect of the environment, including the effects of feedback and restricted ventilation, needs to be taken into account. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this do
23、cument. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5660-1, Reaction-to-fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 1: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter met
24、hod) ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method ISO 9705:1993, Fire tests Full-scale room test for surface products ISO 13784-1, Reaction-to-fire tes
25、ts for sandwich panel building systems Part 1: Test method for small rooms ISO 13784-2, Reaction-to-fire tests for sandwich panel building systems Part 2: Test method for large roomsISO 24473:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved ISO 13785-1, Reaction-to-fire tests for faades Part 1: Intermediate-s
26、cale test ISO 13943, Fire safety Vocabulary ISO/TS 14934-1, Fire tests Calibration and use of radiometers and heat flux meters Part 1: General principles ISO 14934-2, Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux meters Part 2: Primary calibration methods ISO 14934-3, Fire tests Calibration and use of
27、 heat flux meters Part 3: Secondary calibration method ISO/TS 14934-4, Fire tests Calibration of heat flux meters Part 4: Guidance on the use of heat flux meters in fire tests ISO 19702, Toxicity testing of fire effluents Guidance for analysis of gases and vapours in fire effluents using FTIR gas an
28、alysis EN 13823, Reaction to fire tests for building products Building products excluding floorings exposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply. 3.1 assembly fab
29、rication of materials and/or composites, e.g., sandwich panel systems 3.2 material single substance or uniformly dispersed mixture, e.g., metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineral fibre or polymers 3.3 product material, composite or assembly about which information is required 3.4 test specimen repres
30、entative piece of the product that is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment NOTE The test specimen may include an air gap. 4P r i n c i p l e The potential for the contribution of a single object or group of objects to the hazard of heat release and spread of fire, without being infl
31、uenced by the effects of any surrounding structure, is evaluated over the period of combustion using a calorimeter. The rate of heat release of the fire is based on calculation of oxygen consumption. NOTE 1 Procedures to determine the heat release rate (HRR) based on the rate of production of carbon
32、 dioxide, can also be used, but are not covered in this International Standard. The hazard of reduced visibility is estimated by the measurement of the production of light-obscuring smoke. The fire growth is visually documented by photographic and/or video recording.ISO 24473:2008(E) ISO 2008 All ri
33、ghts reserved 3 NOTE 2 The procedure can be extended to include measurement of: time-related weight loss of the fuel; the incident heat flux or surface temperature at positions in the vicinity of the fire, as an indication of the hazard of fire spread to an adjacent object; the rate of production of
34、 certain gaseous combustion products under well-ventilated conditions, using appropriate analytical procedures for gases, as input to data for studies of toxicological hazards. 5 Hood and exhaust duct 5.1 Requirements of the hood/duct and extraction system The hood and duct system shall be large eno
35、ugh in terms of the size of the hood and the air throughput of the system to ensure that all the combustion products are collected. It shall be at a height such that the flames do not impinge on the hood itself. NOTE 1 The principles of the design and operation of a hood and duct system and examples
36、 of designs in use are given in Annex A. The system shall not disturb the fire-induced flow at the fire itself. NOTE 2 This can be demonstrated by carrying out tests with a gas burner at different flow rates in the proposed operating range to show that the HRR data are independent of the setting of
37、the exhaust system (for example as outlined in 11.3). 5.2 Laboratory requirements The equipment shall be positioned in a laboratory and placed so as to avoid the effects of reflected radiation from walls and to allow free inflow of air. For fires of up to , the open sides of the calorimeter hood sha
38、ll be at least from the nearest walls. For larger fires this shall be increased; up to for fires of . The ambient air temperature in the laboratory shall be recorded at intervals of or less. This is necessary because the operation of the flow system will cause replacement of a quantity of air within
39、 the laboratory in which it is installed. NOTE The number of air changes per hour will be dependent upon the size of the room and the volume flow rate of the calorimeter. It is necessary to provide adequate ventilation to prevent negative pressure. 6 Instrumentation of the exhaust duct 6.1 General T
40、he following sub-clauses specify minimum requirements for instrumentation in the exhaust duct. NOTE Additional information and designs can be found in Annex B. 6.2 Volume flow rate The volume flow rate in the exhaust duct shall be measured to an accuracy of at least . The response time of the barome
41、tric instrument that measures flowrate shall be a maximum of for a change from to of the difference between the initial and final differential pressure. 1MW 2m 10 m 20 MW 3s 5% 1s 10 % 90 %ISO 24473:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reserved 6.3 Gas temperature The temperature of the gas in the duct sha
42、ll be measured using a to outside diameter, sheathed thermocouple supported in a position in the vicinity of the bi-directional probe. The thermocouple should not be allowed to disturb the flow pattern around the bi-directional probe. It is recommended to provide more than one thermocouple in case o
43、ne should fail during the test. 6.4 Gas analysis 6.4.1 Sampling line The gas samples shall be taken in the exhaust duct at a position where the combustion products are uniformly mixed and down stream of the flow probe and the temperature probe. The sampling line shall be made from an inert material
44、that will not influence the gas species to be analysed. The gas samples shall be taken across the whole diameter of the duct. If a single sampling point is used, samples shall be taken across the duct at this axial position to demonstrate that the concentration across the duct is within of the avera
45、ge value as determined by probe traverses. The sample gas shall pass through particulate filters and a cooler, then through a cell containing anhydrous calcium sulfate drying agent, under the influence of an oil-free diaphram pump, before being distributed to the different analysers. NOTE An example
46、 of an arrangement is given in Figure B.1. One material which can be used to construct the sampling line is PTFE. The ratio of sampled to analysed gas is normally at least 20. However, it is more important that the system be designed as a whole in order to optimise system response as described in 11
47、.2. 6.4.2 Oxygen The analyser shall be of the paramagnetic type or equivalent in performance and capable of measuring a range of at least to (volume percent) oxygen. The accuracy of the oxygen measurement shall be by volume oxygen or less (i.e. volume fraction oxygen or less). The noise and drift of
48、 the analyser shall be not more than ( by volume) over a period of (measured as specified in Annex C). The output from the analyser and the data acquisition system shall have a resolution of by volume oxygen or better. The HRR value is most sensitive to the oxygen measurement, therefore the performa
49、nce of the oxygen meter shall exceed the overall requirements for system response and accuracy. 6.4.3 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide The gas species shall be measured using analysers with an accuracy of by volume or less (i.e.volume fraction or less) for carbon dioxide and by volume or less (i.e. volume fraction or less) for carbon monoxide. The HRR value is also sensitive to the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide measurements, therefore the perfor
