1、 ISO 2016 Life-threatening components of fire Part 2: Methodology and examples of tenability assessment Composants dangereux du feu Partie 2: Mthodologie et exemples danalyse de tenabilit TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 13571-2 Reference number ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E) First edition 2016-07-01 ISO/TR 13571-2:
2、2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, o
3、r posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
4、 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E)Foreword .iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Principle 1 5 Performance criteria 3 6 Evaluation of the impact . 3 6.1 Effects of fire on people . 3 6.2 Models for toxic impact .
5、3 6.3 Models for thermal impact . 4 6.3.1 Radiant flux exposure model . 4 6.3.2 Temperature exposure model 4 6.3.3 Dose calculation model 4 7 Examples of application 4 Annex A (informative) Example of application to real-scale fire scenarios - FED and ASET calculations for fire experiments conducted
6、 in a full-scale test house under two basement fire scenarios 6 Annex B (informative) Example of application to real-scale fire scenarios - FED calculations for fire experiments conducted in a full-scale test of single sleeping rooms .20 Annex C (informative) Methodology for application of ISO 13571
7、 in Fire Safety Engineering approach 41 Annex D (informative) Example of application to Fire Safety EngineeringCase Nr 1 hotel room and corridor .51 Annex E (informative) Example of application to Fire Safety Engineering Case Nr 2 restaurant .64 Annex F (informative) Determination of data for matrix
8、 81 Bibliography .84 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E)Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried ou
9、t through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO co
10、llaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different app
11、roval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
12、 subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any
13、 trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformit y assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organi
14、zation (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 92 Fire Safety, Subcommittee 3, Fire threat to people and environment.iv ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E) In
15、troduction Tenability of people in case of fire is an essential safety objective of regulations. Reasons that could lead to compromised tenability conditions are loss of visibility, thermal and toxic effects. ISO 13571 is a tool that has been developed to quantify the performance level related to th
16、ese criteria in case of a fire. This document presents application cases of ISO 13571. It is structured as follows: Clause 4 explains the principle of the application; Clause 5 presents the selection of performance criteria; Clause 6 presents the evaluation of the impact of fire to people according
17、to ISO 13571; Clause 7 introduces the examples detailed in Annexes A, B, D and E. Examples of application are presented in annexes. The first case of application concerns comparison of tenability in real-scale fire tests (Annex A and Annex B). The second case presents the methodology (Annex C) and t
18、wo example cases (Annex D and Annex E) for application of ISO 13571 as performance criteria in Fire Safety Engineering studies according to ISO 23932. Annex F presents information on experimental production of input data. ISO 2016 All rights reserved v Life-threatening components of fire Part 2: Met
19、hodology and examples of tenability assessment 1 Scope This document describes the practical application of ISO 13571 as a tool to evaluate effects of fire effluents on people. The method of application, performance criteria and evaluation of the impact are explained and illustrated by two families
20、of examples: application to real-scale tests (Annex A and Annex B) and application to Fire Safety Engineering (Annex C, D and E). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated refe
21、rences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. There are no normative references in this document. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1394
22、3 and ISO 13571 apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/ /www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:/ /www.iso.org/obp 4 Principle Smoke toxicity, to a certain degree,
23、 is not a material property. Depending on the environment, availability of oxygen, thermal attack, flow conditions and surface areas available for combustion, the chemistry of the combustion of a given material can proceed along various routes and produce species in very different quantities. 123It
24、is then a systemic parameter, which need a systemic approach, as stated in ISO 19706. It is also appropriate to keep the following points in mind: The production rates of various gaseous species change according to the combustion regime. In particular the influential parameters (not exhaustive) are:
25、 Fuel nature Oxygen availability Temperature TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E) Flows received and lost The species produced by the combustion are carried away from the initial fire source, and their effect is related to: Sensitivity and act
26、ivity of people Concentrations (instantaneous) Exposure times (accumulation) Furthermore, the thermal effects related to the heat of the gases and smoke produced, along with the radiant fluxes, which they emit, play a role in the safety of people who are evacuating. For a given design fire, it is th
27、erefore necessary to determine one or more exposure scenarios, which will make it possible to answer questions about the effects on people according to: The fire source and its development; The species produced by this fire source and their movement away from the original fire source; The evacuation
28、 of the people, their path and the toxic and thermal elements to which they are subject as a function of time. Finally, it is useful to recall that toxic hazard in enclosures is mainly caused by the combustion of the contents and furnishings in the enclosure rather than the enclosure itself in the e
29、arly phases of a fire. Furthermore, changes in regulations can lead to better insulation of the rooms, modification of the ventilation, and resistance of windows to bursting, all of which notably change the conditions for the accumulation of thermal energy and the generation of toxic species. The fo
30、llowing are the objectives of the application of ISO 13571: Assess effects of fire on people as a principal criterion for performance evaluation in Fire Safety Engineering studies, or in comparison of real-scale fire tests, Involve realistic fire sources in terms of: Kinetics Species produced, in pa
31、rticular by including data concerning the toxic species related to the burning of the contents and furnishings in building fires Be able to process all the materials present and not just certain ones Consider all potential toxic species, not only CO, as is often seen in practice Consider the aspects
32、 of production kinetics, movement of gases, and availability of oxygen Be able to process several scenarios and their possible variations: “Typical” materials/”risky” materials Risk in the room of fire origin room and outside the room of origin Different fire regimes (smouldering, well ventilated, p
33、ost-flashover) Evacuation plans Consider the various risks for people and the associated sanction criteria as a function of thermal and toxic effects, both instantaneous and by accumulation.2 ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E) 5 Performance criteria The selection of criteria to cons
34、ider is conducted in early phases of a project, before any detailed study. These criteria will make it possible to determine whether a given exposure scenario (i.e. a fire scenario combined with an evacuation scenario) is a success or failure. This concept depends above all on the susceptibility of
35、the people to the fire effluent. In the application of ISO 13571, the objective that a person could realize his/her own evacuation without any assistance. In fact, each person is different and according to their constitution, age, gender, possible underlying conditions, etc. the FEC and FED which th
36、ey can endure before being incapacitated varies. There is, however, no feedback from experience which can be used in statistical terms. Due to the lack of precise knowledge in this field, approximating the distribution of individual susceptibilities by a log-normal distribution with a median value o
37、f one as thresholds for the FED and FEC is proposed. Half the population is therefore considered as being able to tolerate FED and FEC each having a value of one, and the other half is more sensitive and cannot tolerate values of FED and FEC equal to or above one. As an example of a safety criterion
38、 that provides protection for a larger fraction of the population, ISO 13571:2012, A.5.2 shows that a value 0,3 protects a significant portion of the more sensitive people. At this value, 11,4 % of the population remains vulnerable to incapacitation by exposure to the fire effluent. It should be kep
39、t in mind that one of the consequences of the distribution described by the ISO 13571:2012 standard for the sensitivity of individuals (log-normal law) is that there is no value for the criterion which is low enough to guarantee protection of all occupants in an evacuation situation. Designing a fac
40、ility such that the FED and FEC values are kept to extremely low values is likely to require immediate detection and suppression or to preclude otherwise desirable construction and furnishing products. It is the regulators role to weigh these considerations. 6 Evaluation of the impact 6.1 Effects of
41、 fire on people The impact of fire effluent on a person depends on two interacting components. The first is the location of a person and how that location might change during the course of the fire. The second is the evolving concentrations of the effluent constituents where the person is located. A
42、 fire safety assessment could be made considering the evolution of tenability for a person who is stationary at one position in a room. This would apply to people who are asleep or medically confined. Such an application in real-scale fire tests is presented in Annex A. Assessment could also conside
43、r the exposure of a person moving along an egress path with its travel path in real-scale fire tests (Annex B) or included in a Fire Safety Engineering approach (Annexes C to E). The exposure models used are those described in ISO 13571:2012. In particular, they cover the toxic and thermal models, b
44、ut do so independently. For the toxic models, the effects of the asphyxiating and irritating gases are considered separately. See ISO 19706 for more details on the relevance of these models. 6.2 Models for toxic impact Toxic effluents can have two principal mechanisms of action on people when consid
45、ering acute exposure. Depending on their nature, they are classified into two categories: asphyxiating gases (CO, HCN, etc.) irritating gases (HCl, HBr, etc.) There are also indirect effects like those of the low oxygen concentration (hypoxia) or high CO 2concentration (hyperventilation). Other effe
46、cts exist, like clogging of the respiratory tracts because of the presence of soot. ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3 ISO/TR 13571-2:2016(E) The evaluation of the effects related to exposure to smoke requires knowledge of the central concepts. The References 4and 5present a review of the art of these c
47、oncepts. Because of the complexity of the problem, there are various models incorporating toxic effects. Although all of them can be used, a first consensus was established on the models given in ISO 13571. In the ISO 13571 models, the asphyxiating gases, incorporated using the calculation of a Frac
48、tional Effective Dose (FED), and the irritating gases, incorporated using the calculation of Fractional Effective Concentration (FEC), are considered separately. Thus, the asphyxiating gases (mainly CO, and HCN) are considered from the perspective of an accumulation mechanism, and the irritants (mai
49、nly HCl, HBr, HF, SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , acrolein, and formaldehyde) from that of their instantaneous effect. These assumptions are only valid when considering short-term acute effects at an incapacitating level of exposure. For irritants, other, dose- related aspects need to be included when considering long exposures or lethality levels. One of the limits of the ISO 13571 asphyxiant gas model is that it does not incorporate the rarefaction of oxygen, O 2 , which also has
