1、 Reference number ISO/TR 16352:2005(E) ISO 2005TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16352 First edition 2005-12-01 Road vehicles Ergonomic aspects of in-vehicle presentation for transport information and control systems Warning systems Vhicules routiers Aspects ergonomiques de la prsentation des systmes de comma
2、nde et dinformation des transports lintrieur des vhicules Systmes avertisseurs ISO/TR 16352:2005(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embed
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5、em relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2005 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfil
6、m, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2005
7、All rights reservedISO/TR 16352:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword. v Introduction . vi 1 Scope. 1 2 Warning signals 2 2.1 Criteria of warning effects . 2 2.2 Categorization of warning signal failure 4 2.3 Urgency mapping 6 2.4 Alarm theories. 8 2.5 Design recommendation
8、s 10 3 Psychological and physiological aspects 10 3.1 Human processing of warnings 10 3.2 Workload 12 3.3 Expectancy 13 3.4 Further human factors, individual differences 13 3.5 Recommendations 14 4 Sensorial modality 15 5 Visual warning signals . 17 5.1 Psychological/physiological bases 18 5.2 Types
9、 of visual displays 19 5.3 Design parameters 20 5.3.1 Sensorial-related parameters 20 5.3.2 Coding parameters. 24 5.3.3 Organizational parameters 37 6 Auditory warnings 39 6.1 Psychological/physiological bases 40 6.2 Advantages of auditory presentation . 41 6.3 Tonal signals, auditory icons 42 6.3.1
10、 Advantages of tonal signals 42 6.3.2 Standards 42 6.3.3 Attributes. 42 6.3.4 Sensorial parameters. 44 6.3.5 Coding parameters. 47 6.3.6 Organizational parameters 54 6.4 Speech output. 55 6.4.1 Advantages of speech output . 56 6.4.2 Sensorial-related parameters 56 6.4.3 Coding parameters. 60 6.4.4 O
11、rganizational parameters 63 6.4.5 Warning applications of speech output . 65 6.5 Comparison of tonal signals and speech output 66 7 Tactile warnings 68 7.1 Advantages of tactile presentation. 68 7.2 Design parameters 70 7.2.1 Sensorial-related parameters 70 7.2.2 Coding parameters. 71 8 Redundancy o
12、f message presentation. 71 8.1 Visual/auditory combination 72 8.2 Visual/auditory qualities for in-vehicle displays . 73 ISO/TR 16352:2005(E) iv ISO 2005 All rights reserved8.3 Visual/auditory indications for displays . 74 8.4 Visual/auditory/tactile combination 74 8.5 Master alerting. 75 8.6 Other
13、concepts 75 9 Comparison of warning types, codes and modalities. 77 9.1 Visual/auditory presentation of non-verbally-coded objects . 77 9.2 Visual/auditory presentation of verbally-coded objects/abstract information. 78 9.3 Visual/auditory presentation of verbally-/non-verbally-coded spatial informa
14、tion 79 9.4 Visual presentation of non-verbally-coded information/auditory presentation of verbally- coded information. 81 9.5 Visual/tactile presentation of non-verbally-coded objects/spatial information 82 9.6 Auditory/tactile presentation of non-verbally-coded objects/spatial information . 85 9.7
15、 Visual/auditory/tactile presentation of verbally-coded objects/abstract information 86 9.8 Recommendations for warning systems 86 10 Warnings in assistance systems. 88 10.1 Distance warning systems. 91 10.2 Collision warning systems. 92 10.3 Side-obstacle warning systems. 98 10.4 Lane-departure war
16、ning systems 100 10.5 Manoeuvring aids for low speed operation 102 10.6 Usability of intelligent-transport-systems information for drivers 104 10.7 Other assistance systems 104 11 Warnings in other applications 105 11.1 Aircraft 105 11.2 Intensive care unit. 106 11.3 Industrial plants 106 12 Discuss
17、ion. 108 13 Summary 110 13.1 Introduction . 110 13.2 Warning signals 110 13.3 Psychological and physiological aspects, sensorial modality 111 13.4 Visual warning signals . 111 13.5 Auditory warnings. 113 13.6 Tactile warnings 115 13.7 Redundancy of message presentation . 116 13.8 Comparison of warni
18、ng types, codes and modalities. 116 13.9 Warnings in assistance systems. 117 13.10 Warning in other applications 118 Bibliography . 119 ISO/TR 16352:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standard
19、s bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organiz
20、ations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in
21、the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % o
22、f the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating membe
23、rs to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pa
24、tent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 16352 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 13, Ergonomics applicable to road vehicles. ISO/TR 16352:2005(E) vi ISO 2005 All rights reservedIntroduction From a
25、 task/function analytic perspective, the task of driving is composed of three major interlinked categories of activity (Hancock and Parasuraman, 1992): a) vehicle control; b) navigation; c) collision avoidance. Each of these functions contribute to the overall workload imposed on the driver. Even un
26、der routine, low- traffic conditions, the driver must co-ordinate several tasks together and, generally, can do so quite efficiently. Many of these task components become highly automatized with practice, so that under normal driving conditions the demands of divided attention on the drivers will ge
27、nerally be within the limits of their attentional capacity. However, during more demanding traffic situations, for example, when traffic density increases or at intersections or traffic roundabouts, divided attention demands may sometimes exceed a drivers capabilities. The driver has to deal with a
28、lot of information which has different situation-dependent priorities and which is more or less expected by the driver. Highly demanding situations are characterized by high time and spatial density or by an extended spatial range of information. Parts of the information are natural and parts are co
29、ded within or outside the vehicle. While receiving, processing and reacting to the information, the driver can be overtaxed, which results in critical driving situations with increased accident probability. This is the motivation to support the driver with assistance systems. The degree of assistanc
30、e available seems likely to increase considerably over the coming years. Assistance systems can, for example, control speed and distance between vehicles and vehicle position in relation to the road. They not only aim to optimize driver strain and increase driving safety, but also to achieve maximum
31、 driver acceptance. For example, the S.A.N.T.O.S system is a (adaptive) driver-assistance system which integrates systems like active cruise control (ACC), heading control (HC), navigation, telephone and radio (Weie et al., 2002). Most of these assistance systems announce any abnormal or dangerous s
32、tate of the car or the driving environment to the driver and require a relatively quick reaction by the driver. These systems warn the driver and convey an appropriate message to the driver. So, with an increasing number of assistance systems, more respective warnings are expected. These warnings ne
33、ed to be designed individually and with respect to their interrelation. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16352:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1 Road vehicles Ergonomic aspects of in-vehicle presentation for transport information and control systems Warning systems 1 Scope This Technical Report provides
34、 a literature survey about the human-machine interface of warning systems in vehicles, including studies of ISO/TC 22/SC 13/WG 8 and ISO/TC 204/WG 14. It covers the experimental experiences about the efficiency and acceptance of different modalities and combinations of warnings, and the design of th
35、e sensorial, code and organizational parameters of visual, auditory and tactile warnings (as well as concluding recommendations). The survey should initialize standardizing activities of ISO working groups, e.g. ISO/TC 22/SC 13/WG 8. This literature survey comprises the human-machine interface issue
36、s of warning systems in automobiles. The discussion of warning signals in general is dealt with in Clause 2 and concerns the definition of warning signals, their failure and urgency aspects. Alarm theories are briefly dealt with here. The basic psychological and physiological aspects of warnings in
37、vehicles are the subject of Clause 3. Some issues of human behaviour, which are relevant to handling warnings, are described. Due to their importance, the sensorial modalities are introduced separately in Clause 4. Auditory and tactile presentations are becoming more and more important, which is ref
38、lected in the structure of the next three Clauses 5, 6 and 7. The specific psychological and physiological bases, benefits and types of displays for each sensory modality are presented in these clauses. Clause 5 is dedicated to visual warning displays with a few examples of the sensorial-related par
39、ameters. Symbols, icons and text are discussed extensively. Other coding and organizational features are handled as far as warning signals are affected (colour, blinking, structures, etc.). Clause 6 is dedicated to auditory warning displays. The basic differences and the respective benefits of tonal
40、 signals, auditory icons and speech output are explained. This is the largest clause because of its significance for oncoming information and warning systems in cars. The display parameters, which are particularly relevant for auditory warning signals, are presented in more detail, i.e. startling ef
41、fect, temporal and spatial characteristics. The new auditory icons are elaborated more in detail because of their relevance for collision warning systems. The sensorial, coding and organizational parameters of speech output are described in a comprehensive manner. Clause 7 is dedicated to tactile wa
42、rning displays. Although the potential of tactile warnings has been clearly demonstrated, data for their design is very scarce. The redundant presentation of warnings is described in Clause 8. The experimental results of different visual/auditory combinations are presented, as well as visual/auditor
43、y/tactile combinations. The possible transfer of master alertings from the avionic environment into the automobile environment is discussed. Other concepts like the graded sequence of warnings are included. The experimental results with different warning signals and their combinations are presented
44、in Clause 9 with respect to type, code and modality of the warnings. The benefits of visual, auditory and tactile warnings depend on whether objects, spatial relations or abstract information are transmitted verbally or non-verbally. A series of field experiments with symbolic, written, tonal, spoke
45、n and tactile warnings are reported. Clause 10 includes some of the assistance systems that have just been introduced, such as distance warning systems, or that are about to be introduced, such as side-obstacle warning systems. All of these are relatively time-critical and need carefully designed wa
46、rnings with a particular emphasis on auditory and tactile displays. The recent experimental results are cited. ISO/TR 16352:2005(E) 2 ISO 2005 All rights reservedIn Clause 11, warning systems in other domains, especially avionics, are described. The extensive experiences with the problems of several
47、 time-critical alarms in aircrafts as well as the flood of alarms in power plants will be exemplified. Clause 12 is dedicated to the discussion of the previous clauses and their relevance for warnings in vehicles. Drivers are assisted in highly demanding driving situations by technical systems. Ther
48、e will be more assistance systems in the near future with appropriate warnings for the driver. Not all warnings will be a priori appropriate. Guidance from this study will help ensure they are “appropriate”. The scope of this Technical Report is to survey the literature about the human- machine inte
49、rface of warning systems. It includes papers about the efficiency and acceptance of different modalities and combinations of warnings and the design of the sensorial, coding and organizational parameters of visual, auditory and tactile warnings. 2 Warning signals 2.1 Criteria of warning effects The word “warning” implies a range of levels from simple situation indications to more imperative warnings and commands directed toward the driver to perform a certain task (ISO/TC 204/WG 14, Komoda and Goudy, 1995). There are several technica
