1、2010 年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：108.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in_or ganisms.（分数：2.00）A.liveB.lifeC.livingD.alive2.The news commentator says that the argument the speaker has presented does not_ water.（分数
2、：2.00）A.haveB.containC.includeD.hold3.Terrorists murder and kidnap people, _ bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes.（分数：2.00）A.light upB.set offC.plant inD.ignite4.Television has become quite a vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting so most people _down while watchi
3、ng television.（分数：2.00）A.layB.lieC.lyingD.lied5.If each of us does our part little by little, we can_ the lifespan of our planet and ourselves.（分数：2.00）A.enlargeB.expandC.increaseD.grow6.The role of American women_significantly from the time the nation was born, to the modern era of the 1950s and 19
4、60s.（分数：2.00）A.has changedB.has been changedC.changedD.had been changed7.Financial statement is a financial report or record_usually on a quarterly and annually basis which provides an individuals, an organizations, or bussinesss financial states.（分数：2.00）A.competedB.compiledC.collatedD.contested8.M
5、anagement operates through various_, often classified as planning, organ leading/ motivating and controlling.（分数：2.00）A.foundationsB.functionsC.rolesD.relations9.The Jatakana culture encompasses every _ of life from beliefs, superstitions, and practices to art, education and tourism.（分数：2.00）A.respe
6、ctB.inspectC.aspectD.suspect10.Organizational culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and_behaviors of its members.（分数：2.00）A.guidesB.indicatesC.controlsD.supervises11.Everyone in American these days seems to be_with his or her physical fi
7、tness, and everyone is talking about getting in shape.（分数：2.00）A.concernedB.alluredC.connectedD.attracted12.The Internet has been around for an almost equal amount of time as most forms of media, but only recently_a popular way of retrieving information.（分数：2.00）A.has it becomeB.it has becameC.it be
8、comesD.does it become13.Censorship a word that seems to be_quite controversy over certain people, may not be such a bad idea.（分数：2.00）A.arguingB.attackingC.causingD.discussing14.We are living in the midst of a great chemical experiment and some_consequences are becoming apparent to scientists.（分数：2.
9、00）A.cerealB.serialC.seriesD.serious15.For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has_heated debate among the worlds brightest minds.（分数：2.00）A.spawnedB.injectedC.modeledD.moved16.In todays modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol_has become one of the most complex life-threatenin
10、g issues.（分数：2.00）A.infuseB.abuseC.reduceD.refuse17.He argued that the_of firearms in America is an illegal act, and degrades the values this country was founded on.（分数：2.00）A.banningB.prohibitC.voteD.forbid18.Advocates of private school argue that education in one of these facilities is more valuab
11、le and _than any other educational opportunity.（分数：2.00）A.awardedB.awardingC.rewardedD.rewarding19.Children are often_sports at an early age. As they get older and start school they participate in sports as a way both to make new friends and be active.（分数：2.00）A.exposed toB.spoiled byC.indulged inD.
12、worried about20.Although the study of genetics is an entirely new field, it_mankind for many years.（分数：2.00）A.has combinedB.has interested inC.has involvedD.has fascinated二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)In 1987, H. I. V/AIDS joined a list of that could keep a person out of the United States. T
13、he government later tried to cancel its decision, but congress made the travel ban a part of immigration law. People with H. I. V. , the virus that causes AIDS, could seek an exception, but that meant extra work. Last year, Congress and President George W. Bush began the process of ending the travel
14、 ban. Now President Obama is finishing the process. BARACK OBAMA : “We talk about reducing the stigma of this disease, yet we have treated a visitor living with it as a threat. We lead the world when it comes to helping the AIDS pandemic, yet we are only a dozen countries that still bar people H. I.
15、 V. from entering our country. “ A final rule published Monday will end the travel ban effective January fourth. H. I. V. will no longer be a condition that can exclude people. And H. I. V. testing will no longer for those who need a medical examination for immigration purposes. AIDS has killed more
16、 than twenty-five people since the early 1980s. In September, there was news that a vaccine showed some ability to prevent H. I. V. infection in humans for the first time. The full results of the vaccine study were presented in later October at an international conference in Paris. They were also re
17、ported in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers confirmed that the study in Thailand produced only “modest“ results. The United States Army sponsored the vaccine trial. The study combined two vaccines, using versions of H. I. V. common in Thailand. Neither vaccine alone had shown succ
18、ess in earlier studies. Thai researchers tested the combination in more than 16,000 volunteers. Half of the volunteers got the vaccine. The others got a placebo, an inactive substance. All were given condoms and counseling on AIDS prevention for three years. The study found 31 percent fewer cases of
19、 infection in the vaccine group than in the placebo group. But critics said the findings could possibly have resulted from chance. The announcement in September was based on all 16,000 volunteers. Almost one-third of them, however didnt follow all the required steps in the study. Results just from t
20、hose who did were similar to the larger group, but the influence of chance is way more of a possibility. Still, the researchers said the study produced enough valuable information to offer new hopes for AIDS research.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the article, _did not want people with H. I. V. virus to
21、 seek entry to America twenty years ago.（分数：2.00）A.George BushB.ObamaC.the CongressD.the Senate(2).According to this article, it was _who sponsored that medical experiment to find vaccine for H. I. V. carriers.（分数：2.00）A.the Thai GovernmentB.the French GovernmentC.the scientist from New EnglandD.the
22、 Unite States Army(3).From the article we can infer that 8,000 volunteers in_were given the vaccine.（分数：2.00）A.ThailandB.the United States of AmericaC.FranceD.Canada(4).According to the article, which one of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.America was the only country that prevented peop
23、le with H. I. V. from entering the country.B.Only a few countries refused to issue entry visa to people with H. I. V.C.The conference held in Paris was on AIDS prevention.D.The vaccine test conducted in Thailand produced important results.(5).According to the critics, the findings of the test_.（分数：2
24、.00）A.has produced enough valuable informationB.should not be taken seriouslyC.has produced reliable statisticsD.has paved a solid foundation for further research“ Two hundred eight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million.“ That is the sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of ga
25、rbage cans all over United States in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown away after use by consumers and businesses. This does not include fluid materials. During that year, Americans threw away 210 million tons(about 43 pounds/20 kilograms per person daily)of garbage. We t
26、hrow away 12. 4 million tons of glass and about 80 million tons of paper products. America also throws away large amounts(in tons)of food scraps, yard wastes, plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and other materials. That is almost a mountain of garbage. Even though we make an effort to re
27、cycle and compost our solid waste, the amount of how to keep it from polluting our environment. If solid waste is disposed of incorrectly, it can contaminate our surface and underground water supplies. Currently, our municipal waste or waste collected by our cities and towns, goes to landfills. Toda
28、y, about 85% our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps. This waste must be treated to keep rats, flies and other animals from building their home in the landfills. The treat also prevents the growth of bacteria and other organism that carry diseases. So, how do we handle this mountain of garbag
29、e? Scientists have come up with different methods for handling our waste problem. One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in Fresno California, in 1937. In sanitary landfill, the solid waste is spread in thin layers that compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is
30、 a more expensive method, but it takes away the hazards that are caused by landfills. It also allowed the land to be used for building or recreation. The negative of the landfills is that its tough to find open land and this process is very expensive. The land also needs its water sources protected
31、so that the water will not pollute the water supply. Landfill(water dumps)and sanitary landfills rely on the natural biodegradability of the solid wastes. Solid wastes are biodegradable if they can decay or break down through the action of living organisms and return to the earth. However certain ma
32、terials take longer to decay than others, and some materials do not decay or decompose at all. Scientists need to find other methods of waste disposal. Incineration and recycling are methods that are currently in use today.（分数：10.00）(1).This passage is about disposal problem of solid waste_.（分数：2.00
33、）A.by consumersB.in CaliforniaC.by municipal governmentD.in America(2).From the article we can infer that_.（分数：2.00）A.treatment of the solid is a hard nut to crackB.solution for proper disposal will be found soonC.California set a good example in solid waste in 1930sD.the government remains confiden
34、t about the solid waste(3).According to the article, about_is dumped to landfills.（分数：2.00）A.12. 4 million tons of garbageB.80 million tons of garbageC.85% on the garbageD.92.4 tons of garbage(4).The word “recycle“(Line 1, Paragraph 2)means_.（分数：2.00）A.to send something far awayB.to throw something
35、away to the right placeC.to convert waste into reusable materialD.to turn into fertilizers(5).According to the article, which one of the following is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.Solid waste does not include fluid materials.B.Sanitary landfill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California.C.Burn
36、ing is not a method that is used today.D.Composting is still one of the ways to handle the mountain of the garbage.Who would have thought we would become a planet of “ologies“? Theres biology, psychology, herpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one “ology“ truly helps us to
37、understand the most part of our planet, our environment. Ecology(which is filled with ecologists)is the study of ecosystems and the beings and organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Just think, in condition of bees, deer and other organisms, you are important to ecologists. Ecosystems are communit
38、ies that vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch of glass or as large as the entire biosphere. The many varieties of plants and animals that exist in our planet ecosystems are important to our ecosystems. Plants in particular provide oxygen and nutrients all organisms need to surv
39、ive. These producers have the ability to use the suns energy to produce food(think photosynthesis). This is where the animals and consumers become important. The animals get their energy by eating the plants and other organisms within the ecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers w
40、ould not have a job. As you may have guests, decomposers, like bacteria, step in broken down, the organic materials are absorbed by the soil and gases are sent back into our atmosphere. The whole process is ready to start again through the Earths natural cycles. There has to be a balance of producer
41、s, consumers, decomposers in order to remain a balanced ecosystem. Remember, all organisms need matter and energy to survive. An ecosystem is balanced when matter and energy move efficiently through those ecosystems. Just as your backpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at a
42、ny given time, all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain. Carrying capacity is the largest population an ecosystem can support at any particular time. The support of this population depends on the amount of resources(matter and energy)that are available and the movement of tho
43、se resources within that ecosystem. If energy and matter are moving efficiently through an ecosystem, then the current population of plants and animals has not reached beyond the ecosystems the ecosystems carrying capacity. Once resources dwindle or animal populations increase dramatically, the ecos
44、ystem may not be able to support those populations. Fortunately, nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems: ecological responses to change, energy transfer, and food chains and food webs.（分数：10.00）(1).The purpose of starting the article with the word-ending “ology“(Line 1, Paragraph
45、 1)is_.（分数：2.00）A.to trace the origin of “ology“B.to give an example for the meaning of “ology“C.to introduce me term “ecology“D.to illustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems(2).According to this article, the ecosystems_.（分数：2.00）A.are in danger of being destroyedB.are very small in sizeC
46、.refer only to the entire biosphereD.vary greatly in size and location(3).According to the article, the word “producers“(Line 4, Paragraph 2)refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.plantsB.animalsC.ecologistsD.consumers(4).We can infer from the article that in the ecosystem the job for the “decomposer“(Line 7-8, Para
47、graph 2)is to_.（分数：2.00）A.absorb the suns energyB.produce oxygen and nutrientsC.break down the dung and the remains of dead organD.eat the plants and animals(5).According to the article, _has three ways to control the balance of the ecosystems.（分数：2.00）A.human beingsB.the environmentC.animals and pl
48、antsD.natureIn modern days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city called Qalat Shartlat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the lime, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Arrur. The word Ashur
49、eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became known as the Assyrians. Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three periods even though they cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods was the Old Assyrian Period(circa 2000 B. C. 1400 B. C.), the Middle Assyrian Period(circa 1365 B. C.
