1、2010 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.The terms such as “desk“ ,“chair“ and “bed“ are 1of the term “furniture“.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_2.In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different 1 and the two words ar
2、e a 2pair.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_3.The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentences is called（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_4.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is 1function.（分数：2.00）填空项
3、 1:_二、判断题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)5.The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are always allophones of the same phoneme.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False6.The soundsis shared by “use“ and “maps“ as a common morpheme.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False7.After comparing “It was in this house that they met for the firs
4、t time. “ with “They met in this house for the first time. “ you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocation.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False8.The distinction between “langue“ and “parole“ was proposed by Chomsky.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False9.The two words borr
5、ow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences “Jan lent some money to Jack“ and “Jack borrowed some money from Jan“ are synonymous.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False10.All the words in a language can be used to refer to, but only some have senses.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False11.Sense is regarded as a kind of intralin
6、guistic relationship. HI. Fulfill the following requirements.(13 points)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False三、单项选择题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)12.The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called（分数：2.00）A.grammar rulesB.competenceC.performanceD.language device13.The study of language a
7、t one point in time is a_study.（分数：2.00）A.historicalB.synchronicC.descriptiveD.diachronic14.Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is_ Analysis.（分数：2.00）A.Internal ComponentB.Innate CapacityC.Internal ConstituentD.Immediate Constituent15.A grammar which consists of a set of statement
8、s or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a_grammar.（分数：2.00）A.systemicB.generativeC.descriptiveD.functional四、简答题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)16.Clarify what “American history teachers“ means by using IC Analysis.(2 points)（分数：2.00）_17.Tell whether each of the u
9、nderlined parts is endocentric or exocentric.(2 points) 1) the professor who enjoys bragging of his publications 2)the issue in question（分数：2.00）_18.Give the phonetic term according to the following description;(1 point)the sound made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate（分数：2.00）_19.Tell
10、 the sense relation between a and b in each pair;(2 points)1)a. John studied in Tokyo.b. John studied in Japan. 2)a. Mary helped Jane.b. Jane was helped by Mary.（分数：2.00）_20.Classify the following pairs of antonyms.(2 points)innocentguilty hospitableunfriendly parentchild truefalse（分数：2.00）_21.How d
11、o you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations?（分数：2.00）_22.How do you understand the Cooperative Principle postulated by Grice? What are the four maxims?（分数：2.00）_23.How many syllables does the word “teacher“ have? What are they? How many morphemes does it have? What are they?（分数：2.00）_24.
12、How do you understand “duality“ , a design feature of language?（分数：2.00）_25.How do you understand the performative function of language?（分数：2.00）_2010 年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.The terms such as “desk“ ,“chair“ and “bed“ are 1of the term “furniture“.（分数：2.
13、00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：hyponyms）解析：解析：(考查下义词)2.In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different 1 and the two words are a 2pair.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：phonemes）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：minimal）解析：解析：(考查音位和最小对立体)3.The branch of grammar which stud
14、ies the internal structure of sentences is called（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：transformational-generative grammar）解析：解析：(考查转换生成语法)4.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is 1function.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:
15、_ （正确答案：正确答案：interpersonal）解析：解析：(考查语言的人际功能)二、判断题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)5.The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are always allophones of the same phoneme.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False 解析：解析：考查音位、音位变体和互补性分布。在英语中有许多的音素(phone)，它们在不同的词中发音是不完全相同的，例如，sp=i：k和p h i：k中p=p h 就是不同的音素。像这样的音素有着相同的音位p，且永远不会
16、同时存在，即存在于互补性分布之中，它们叫做音位变体。然而，并非所有处于互补分布中的音都是同一音位的变体，要将不同的音判属同一音位还有一些限制条件：它们必须语音相近，并且处于互补分布中。6.The soundsis shared by “use“ and “maps“ as a common morpheme.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False 解析：解析：考查语素和音位的关系。语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。语素可以是单个词或者一个词的构成部分，但并不是一个语音，虽然发音相同，但是在单词“maps”中，-s 为粘着语素，为表达复数
17、的语素。而在单词 use 中，“s”根本不能单独代表什么，不能称之为语素。7.After comparing “It was in this house that they met for the first time. “ with “They met in this house for the first time. “ you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocation.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False 解析：解析：考查句子
18、转化过程中语义的变化。两个句子的语义之所以不同，在于两个句子的中心词(head)的不同，而不是搭配所引起的句子意义的不同。8.The distinction between “langue“ and “parole“ was proposed by Chomsky.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False 解析：解析：考查语言和言语的提出者。索绪尔将说话者的语言能力和语言的实际现象或语料区分为语言和言语。9.The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences “Jan lent some money to Jac
19、k“ and “Jack borrowed some money from Jan“ are synonymous.（分数：2.00）A.True B.False解析：解析：考查反义关系中的反向反义关系。其中 borrow 和 lend 两个动词不构成肯定、否定的对立，而是表现两个实体间的一种反向关系。两个例句是从两个不同角度来看的同一种关系。10.All the words in a language can be used to refer to, but only some have senses.（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False 解析：解析：考查词汇涵义和指称的不同。在某种
20、程度上，我们可以说每个单词都有涵义(sense)，不然我们没法使用或理解它们，但并不是每个单词都有指称，语法词如 but，if，and 等不指称任何事物，god，ghost，dragon 这样的词指的是想象中的事物，现实中并不存在。11.Sense is regarded as a kind of intralinguistic relationship. HI. Fulfill the following requirements.(13 points)（分数：2.00）A.True B.False解析：解析：考查涵义关系。词的涵义可看作是它和其他词之间的涵义关系网络。我们把涵义界定为词语之
21、间的语义关系；更概括地看，是语言单位之间的语义关系。它体现的是语言内关系。三、单项选择题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)12.The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called（分数：2.00）A.grammar rulesB.competenceC.performance D.language device解析：解析：考查语言运用的定义。乔姆斯基在句法理论的若干问题中讨论过语言能力和语言运用的基础性区别。一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解被称为他的语言能力，而语
22、言应用是指在具体场景中语言的真实使用。13.The study of language at one point in time is a_study.（分数：2.00）A.historicalB.synchronic C.descriptiveD.diachronic解析：解析：考查共时研究的定义。共时的描写以一个固定时间为它的观察角度。历时语言学考查语言的变迁。14.Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is_ Analysis.（分数：2.00）A.Internal ComponentB.Innate Capacit
23、yC.Internal ConstituentD.Immediate Constituent 解析：解析：考查直接成分分析法的全称。15.A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a_grammar.（分数：2.00）A.systemicB.generative C.descriptiveD.functional解析：解析：考查生成语法的定义。四、简答题(总题数：
24、10，分数：20.00)16.Clarify what “American history teachers“ means by using IC Analysis.(2 points)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It can be analyzed in two ways; (1)(American)(history)(teachers)It means teachers who teach American history. (2)(American)(history)(teachers) )解析：解析：(考查用直接成分分析法分析有歧义的词组，可以用括弧或者树形图表示)17.
25、Tell whether each of the underlined parts is endocentric or exocentric.(2 points) 1) the professor who enjoys bragging of his publications 2)the issue in question（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：a. the professor who enjoys bragging of his publications (endocentric)(名词短语) b. the issue in question (exocentric)(介词
26、短语)解析：解析：考查向心结构和离心结构的实例分析。向心结构的分布和它的一个成分的分布相同或相近，这个成分是整体的核心或中心，一般来说，名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语属于向心结构；离心结构没有明显的核心或中心成分，一般包括基本句、介词短语、谓语结构和系表结构。18.Give the phonetic term according to the following description;(1 point)the sound made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：the sound ma
27、de with the front of the tongue and the hard palate: palatal)解析：解析：(考查辅音的描写。此处指硬腭音，产生于舌前和硬腭处)19.Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair;(2 points)1)a. John studied in Tokyo.b. John studied in Japan. 2)a. Mary helped Jane.b. Jane was helped by Mary.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：1)a. John studied
28、in Tokyo. b. John studied in Japan. A entails b. 2)a. Mary helped Jane. b. Jane was helped by Mary. A and b are synonymous.)解析：解析：考查句子之间的语义关系。句子之间有预设、蕴涵、同义等语义关系。预设是指说话者为保证句子或语段的合适性而必须满足的前提，A 预设 B，当且仅当：A 真 B 必真，A 假 B 亦真，B 真 A 可真可假；A 蕴涵 B，当且仅当：A 真 B 必真，A 假 B 可真可假；A 与 B 同义时，AB 同真假。20.Classify the follo
29、wing pairs of antonyms.(2 points)innocentguilty hospitableunfriendly parentchild truefalse（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Complementary antonym; innocentguilty; truefalse Gradable antonym; hospitableunfriendly Converse antonym; parentchild)解析：解析：考查反义关系的具体分类。反义关系有三个主要次类：互补反义关系、等级反义关系和反向反义关系。21.How do you unders
30、tand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present, such as the relation between weather and the others in the following sentence; If the weather is nice, we“ll go ou
31、t. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungramrnatical or nonsensical at all. Syntagmatic relations are also called horizontal relations or simply chain relations.(2 points) Paradigmatic relation
32、is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent, such as the relation between man, boy and girl in the sentence; The man/boy/girl smiles. This is what Saussure called associative relations o
33、r in Hjemslev“s term, paradigmatic relations. To make it more understandable, they are called vertical relations or choice relations.(2 points) By the relation of co-occurrence one means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require the occurrence of a word of another set or class t
34、o form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations and partly to paradigmatic relations.(1 point)解析：解析：考查组合关系与聚合关系。索绪尔提出了两种主要关系类型：组合关系与聚合关系。前者指一个单位和同一序列中的其他单位之间的关系，或者说是在现场的所有成分之间的关系。聚合关系，索绪尔原本将其叫做联想关系，是指在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以相互替换的成分之
35、间的关系，或者说是在现场的成分与不在现场的成分之间的关系。现在，组合关系也叫做水平关系或链状关系；聚合关系也叫做垂直关系或选择关系。22.How do you understand the Cooperative Principle postulated by Grice? What are the four maxims?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Cooperative Principle refers to the “co-operation“ between speakers in using the maxims during the conversation. Our
36、 talks are characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts; and each participant recognizes in them, to some extent, a common purpose or a set of purposes, or at least, a mutually accepted direction.(1 point) To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as f
37、ollows; (1)The maxim of quantity; a. Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange). b. Don“t make your contribution more informative than is required.(1 point) (2)The maxim of quality; Try to make your contribution one that is true. a. Don“t say what you
38、believe to be false. b. Don“t say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(1 point) (3)The maxim of relation; Be relevant.(1 point) (4)The maxim of manner; Be perspicuous. a. Avoid obscurity of expression. b. Avoid ambiguity. c. Be brief. d. Be orderly.(1 point)解析：解析：考查合作原则及其准则。合作原则是指在会话中有某种规则存在。人
39、们的交谈常常是合作举动，至少在某种程度上是；参与者都在某种程度上承认其中有一个或者一组共同目标，至少有一个彼此都接受的方向。为了进一步具体说明 CP，格赖斯引入了四条准则：数量准则；质量准则；关系准则；方式准则。23.How many syllables does the word “teacher“ have? What are they? How many morphemes does it have? What are they?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The word “teacher“ has two syllables. They areti:andt )解析：解
40、析：考查对音节和语素的理解。单词“teacher”由两个音节组成，分别为ti：和t24.How do you understand “duality“ , a design feature of language?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two
41、levels has its own principles of organization.(2 points)To talk about duality we must notice that language is hierarchical. As Bolinger and Sears put it, “ Stratificationthis organization of levels on levelsis the physical manifestation of the “ infinite use of finite means“ , the trait that most di
42、stinguishes human communication and that provides its tremendous resourcefulness. “(2 points)The advantage of duality lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with.(1 point)解析：解析：考查语言的二重性特征。二重性指语言拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层结构都有自身的组合规则。在语言的二重性中，我们必须注意语言的等级性。鲍林格和希尔斯指出，分层一级一级的组织是有限的
43、手段无限使用的物质表现，这是人类语言最显著的特征，并为之提供巨大的潜能。现在我们能够理解二重性的优势，它使语言拥有了一种强大的能产性。25.How do you understand the performative function of language?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launchin
