1、2010 年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.metonymy（分数：2.00）_2.diachronic linguistics（分数：2.00）_3.concordance（分数：2.00）_4.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_5.acronym（分数：2.00）_6.allophones（分数：2.00）_positionality（分数：2.00）_8.perlocutionary act（分数：2.00）_9.cohesion（分数：2.00）_10.contr
2、astive analysis（分数：2.00）_二、简答题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.What are the two objectives of sociolinguistics?（分数：2.00）_12.What are the three definitions of relevance made by Relevance Theory?（分数：2.00）_13.What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema?（分数：2.00）_14.What is your understanding of Systemic Fu
3、nctional Grammar?（分数：2.00）_15.Summarize the characteristics of basic level categories.（分数：2.00）_16.What makes language unique to human beings?（分数：2.00）_17.What are the contributions made by the Prague School?（分数：2.00）_18.How could you understand “register“ in systematic functional linguistics?（分数：2.
4、00）_19.How would you comment on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?（分数：2.00）_20.There are two English expressions;A. I“m a student, aren“t I?B. I“m a student, amn“t I? Which is more authentic? Why?（分数：2.00）_2010 年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.metonymy（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案
5、：It is a figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another on the basis of some material, causal, or conceptual relation.)解析：解析：(考查转喻)2.diachronic linguistics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study, also called diachronic lingui
6、stics.)解析：解析：(考查历时语言学)3.concordance（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Sorting the data in some way, for example, alphabetically on words occurring in the immediate context of the word is usually referred to as concordance.)解析：解析：(考查共现索引)4.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The concept of interlanguage was establis
7、hed as learners“ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum among the target language and the learner“s native language.)解析：解析：(考查中介语)5.acronym（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of
8、 an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields.)解析：解析：(考查缩略语)6.allophones（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different p
9、honetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.)解析：解析：(考查音位变体)positionality（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Compositionality refers to the principle that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined.)解析：解析：(考查语义组合性原则)8.perlocutionary act
10、（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.)解析：解析：(考查取效行为)9.cohesion（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the differe
11、nt elements of a discourse. Discoursal/textual cohesiveness can be reabzed by employing various cohesive devices; conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, etc.)解析：解析：(考查衔接)10.contrastive analysis（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is a way of com
12、paring the forms and meanings across the native language and the target language to spot the mismatches or differences so that people could predict learner“s difficulty, then decide what will be needed to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation.)解析：解析：
13、(考查对比分析)二、简答题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.What are the two objectives of sociolinguistics?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Sociolinguistics, as an interdisciplinary study of language use, attempts to show the relationships between language and society. More specifically, in this discipline we have two important things t
14、o think about; structural things and their uses in a sociocultural context.(1 point) Similarly, when we are conducting a sociolinguistic study of language use, we have two big issues to deal with, which are, in other words, the two objectives of sociolinguistics. First, we want to show how language
15、and society are related to each other. Second, we attempt to know why it should be so.(2 points)Put it another way, we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context; on the other hand, we try to understand sociological things of society by examining lingui
16、stic phenomena of a speaking community.(3 points)解析：解析：考查社会语言学的研究目的。社会语言学是对任何一种或全部社会因素作用的研究，包括文化标准、期望值、语境以及语言使用方式等。社会语言学首先试图通过对社会语境中语言使用情况的调查，了解语言结构的问题，其次又通过语言现象的分析，了解社会构成问题。12.What are the three definitions of relevance made by Relevance Theory?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The first definition of relevance
17、 relates it to a context; An assumption is relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context.(2 points) The second definition of relevance relates it to an individual; An assumption is relevant to an individual at a given time if and only if it is relevant in one or
18、more of the contexts available to that individual at that time.(2 points) The last definition relates it to phenomena; A phenomenon is relevant to an individual if and only if one or more of the assumptions it makes manifest is relevant to him.(2 points)解析：解析：考查关联理论中“关联性”的三个定义。第一个定义与语境相联系：当且仅当一个设想在一
19、种语境中具有语境效应时，这个设想在这个语境中才具有关联性。第二个定义与交际个体相联系：当且仅当一个设想在某一时刻，在某人可及的一种或多种语境中具有关联性时，这个设想才在当时与那个个体相关联。第三个定义与现象相关：当且仅当某个现象显映的一个或多个设想与某个个体相关时，这个现象才与该个体有关联。13.What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Mark Johnson(1987)proposes IMAGE SCHEMAS. He defines an image schema as a rec
20、urring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.(2 points)Image schematic structures have two characteristics; They are pre-conceptual schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience and they are constantly opera
21、ting in our perceptual interaction, bodily movement through space, and physical manipulation of objects.(2 points)Image schemas exist at a level of abstraction, operate at a level of mental organization between prepositional structures and concrete images, and “ serve repeatedly as identifying patte
22、rns in an indefinitely large number of experiences, perceptions, and image formation for objects or events that are similarly structured in the relevant ways“.(2 points)解析：解析：从认知的角度考查意象图式理论。意象图式是认知语言学探讨的一个主要内容。意象图式来自人们的体验经验，赋予人类认知世界的能力，人们通过意象图式转换和映射进行预测和推理。近些年来越来越多的学者对于意象图式的概念标准提出了质疑，争议主要围绕着意象图式的抽象层
23、级，视觉信息的作用，意象图式的概念前(preconceptual)和无意识本质，以及它们作为跨语言认知元素(crosslinguistic cognitive primitives)的普遍性等。14.What is your understanding of Systemic Functional Grammar?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Systemic Functional Grammar, developed by M. A. K. Halliday, is a socially oriented functional linguistic approach and on
24、e of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century. It consists of two inseparable components; systemic grammar and functional grammar.(1 point) Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. And this network consist
25、s of subsystems from which language users make choices. Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve.(2 points) Systemic
26、Functional Grammar is based on two facts; a)Language users are actually making choices in a system of language and trying to realize different semantic functions in social interaction; b)Language is inseparable from social activities of human beings.(2 points) Systemic Functional Grammar takes actua
27、l uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomsky“s TG Grammar that takes the ideal speaker“s linguistic competence as the object of study. One point to notice is that it takes clause as the basic unit.(1 point)解析：解析：考查系统功能语法。韩礼德的系统功能语法是一种具有社会学倾向的功能语言学方法，是二十世纪最具影响力的语言学理论之一。系统功能语法包含
28、两部分：系统语法和功能语法。系统语法的目的是要说明语言作为系统的内部底层关系，它是与意义相关联的可供人们不断选择的若干子系统组成的系统网络，又称“意义潜势”。功能语法的目的是要说明语言是社会交往的手段，其基础是语言系统及其成分由它们的作用或功能所决定。系统功能语法的建立基于这两个事实：a)语言使用者在语言的系统中进行选择，并试图在社会交往中实现不同的语义功能；b)语言和人类的社会活动紧密联系，不可分离。系统功能语法把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象，而不是像乔姆斯基的转化生成语法那样把理想化的语言使用者的语言能力作为研究对象，有一点需要指出的就是它以小句作为研究的基本单位。15.Summariz
29、e the characteristics of basic level categories.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. The characteristics of this level can be summed up under the following four points;(2 points) i.
30、 The most inclusive level at which there are characteristic patterns of behavioral interaction;(1 point) ii. The most inclusive level for which a clear visual image can be formed;(1 point) iii. The most inclusive level at which part-whole information is represented;(1 point) iv. The level used for e
31、veryday reference.(1 point)解析：解析：考查基本层次范畴的特点。基本层次范畴是最能体现文化突显性、实现认知需求的范畴。基本层次范畴有四个特点：由行为相互作用产生典型范式的最具包容性层次；构成清晰意象的最具包容性层次；表征部分一整体信息的最具包容性层次；为日常参照所使用的层次。16.What makes language unique to human beings?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It i
32、s the design features of language that make it unique to human beings. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the differences between human language and any system of animal communication. They are; Arbitrariness; This is a core feature of language, Which means
33、that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. There are different levels of arbitrariness; arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning; arbitrariness at the syntactic level; arbitrariness and convention.(2 points) Duality; It means the property of having
34、 two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. At the lower or basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of langua
35、ge can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.(2 points) Creativity; By creativity we mean language is resourceful beca
36、use of its duality and its recursiveness. Because of duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. Language is creative in another sense, that is, its potential to create endless sentences. Th
37、at is to say, it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(2 points) Displacement; It means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. Displaceme
38、nt benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions. In a word, the intellectual benefits of displacement to us are that it makes it possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.(2 points) Cultural transmission: Language is not biologically transmitted
39、. Instead, it is culturally transmitted from generation to generation through teaching and learning. Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.)解析：解析：考查人类语言的区别性特征。语言的区别性特征主要包括以下几个方面：任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性，此外还有文化传递性和互换性。17.What are the contributions made by the Prague School?（分数：2.00）_
