1、2011 年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：18.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、简答题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)1.What are the main branches of linguistics? Please identify three branches and explain them briefly.（分数：2.00）_2.The following sentences may have more than one reading. Would you please disambiguate them and state your reasons
2、1)The chicken is too hot to eat.(2)Flying planes can be dangerous.（分数：2.00）_3.What is the difference between literal language and figurative language? Please give concrete examples to elaborate your points.（分数：2.00）_4.Could the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose“ be alternatively expressed
3、 as “As the wind rose, the night fell“? Why or why not? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?（分数：2.00）_5.What are some important contributions that sociolinguistics has made to language teaching?（分数：2.00）_6.What is construal in cognitive linguistics? Please give examples
4、 to elaborate its different dimensions.（分数：2.00）_7.Read the following paragraph and list all the function words, including all forms of be. Give the percentage of function words in this paragraph.She was a small woman, old and wrinkled. When she started washing for us, she was already past seventy.
5、Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body. But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors. Mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated over several weeks. She would lift the heavy bag, l
6、oad it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home.（分数：2.00）_8.What different forms of sound patterning can you find in the following stanza of the poem “Easter Wings“ by George Herbert(1593-1663)?Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store,Though foolishly he lost the same,Decaying more
7、 and more,Till he becameMost poore;With theeO let me riseAs larks, harmoniously,And sing this day thy victories;Then shall the fall further the flight in me.（分数：2.00）_9.Analyze the following text from the semantic point of view. Explain whether it is justifiable “To call me colored“? Colored Dear Wh
8、ite Fella You White FellaCouple things you should know When you born, you pink When I born, I black When you grow up, you whiteWhen I grow up, I black When you go in sun, you redWhen I go in sun, I black When you cold, you blueWhen I cold, 1 black When you scared you yellowWhen I sacred, 1 black Whe
9、n you sick, you greenWhen I sick, I black And when you die you greyWhen I dieI still black And you have the cheek To call me colored?（分数：2.00）_2011 年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：18.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、简答题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)1.What are the main branches of linguistics? Please identify three branches and expl
10、ain them briefly.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least six branches, namely, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually
11、 made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words, and connected speech. Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating p
12、honeme as the point of departure. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation.)解析：解析：(考查语言学的分支)2.The fo
13、llowing sentences may have more than one reading. Would you please disambiguate them and state your reasons?(1)The chicken is too hot to eat.(2)Flying planes can be dangerous.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：(1)The chicken is too hot to eat. The sentence could be explained in two ways: It is so hot that the chi
14、cken is reluctant to eat anything; The chicken is so hot that it is difficult for the person to eat. The second explanation means that the sentence should be considered as The chicken is too hot to be eaten. (2)Flying planes can be dangerous. The sentence could be explained in two ways; It can be da
15、ngerous to fly a plane; The plane that is flying can be dangerous. This is because flying can be used to modify planes, as well as be considered as a gerund, so that flying plane is a gerund phrase.)解析：解析：(考查句子分析)3.What is the difference between literal language and figurative language? Please give
16、concrete examples to elaborate your points.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its literal meaning. The figurative use of language is a word or phrase that departs from everyday literal language for the sake of comparison, emphasis, clarity
17、 or freshness. For example, the literal meaning of the word tree is “a tall woody plant“. However, once we start talking about a tree in the context of a family tree, it is no longer a literal tree we are talking about, but a figurative one. Therefore, the literal use of the word tree refers to an o
18、rganism which has bark, branches and leaves. A family tree shares some of these qualitiesgraphically, a record of a family and a representation of a tree can look similar, and in a way they are both a process of organic growth, so we use the same word tree for both.)解析：解析：(考查字面语言与比喻语言的区别)4.Could the
19、 sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose“ be alternatively expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell“? Why or why not? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The sentence “ As the night fell, the wind rose“ cannot be alternatively expressed as
20、 As the wind rose, the night fell“ , because the focus of the two sentences is different. The former lays its emphasis on the rising wind, and the latter lays its emphasis on the falling of the night. Therefore, we can say that at the syntactic level, language is not arbitrary.)解析：解析：(考查语言在句子层面上的任意
21、性)5.What are some important contributions that sociolinguistics has made to language teaching?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：As far as language teaching is concerned, sociolinguistics is believed to have made some important contributions which can further be summarized as follows: (1)Sociolinguistics has cont
22、ributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching; (2)It has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom; (3)It has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use; (4)It has contributed to a more fruitful research in this
23、 field.)解析：解析：(考查社会语言学对语言教学的贡献)6.What is construal in cognitive linguistics? Please give examples to elaborate its different dimensions.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, direction
24、ality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.(4 points) (1)Attention/Salience; The operations grouped under salience have to do with our direction of attention towards something that is salient to us. E. g. a. He cleaned the window, b. He opened the window. This example draws attention to the
25、 glass in the window, whereas the frame of the window is more salient in the example.(2 points) (2)Judgment/Comparison: The construal operations of judgment/comparison have to do with judging something by comparing it to something else. For example: a. There“s a catfigureon the matground. b. Batmanf
26、igurewas standing on the roofground. c. Wetrajectorwent across the fieldlandmark. d. Hetrajector“s going to Londonlandmark.(2 points) (3)Perspective/Situatedness: Another construal operation in cognitive linguistics is regarded to be perspective, in which we view a scene in terms of our situatedness
27、 For example: a. My bike is in front of the car. b. My bike is behind the car.(2 points)解析：解析：考查识解的定义。识解是一种用交替的方式对同一场景进行构想和描述的能力，这种能力是通过详细程度、不同的心理扫描、指向性、有力位置、图形一背景分离等加以实现的。识解操作可以分为三类：注意力突显、判断对比、视点观察者位置。7.Read the following paragraph and list all the function words, including all forms of be. Give t
28、he percentage of function words in this paragraph.She was a small woman, old and wrinkled. When she started washing for us, she was already past seventy. Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body. But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from
29、 generations of peasant ancestors. Mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated over several weeks. She would lift the heavy bag, load it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The function words in this paragraph are; she, was, a, and, wh
30、en, she, for, she, was, past, of, her, were, in, but, this, and, as, she, a, that, from, of, would, to, her, a, of, that, had, over, she, would, the, it, on, her, and, it, the. Altogether there are 85 words in the paragraph, including40 function words, and 45 lexical words. Therefore, the percentage
31、 of function words is 40/85 47% .(10 points)解析：解析：考查功能词。功能词即语法词，指的是主要参与词组、小句、复合小句甚至语篇的构建的一类词，包括连词、介词、冠词和代词等。8.What different forms of sound patterning can you find in the following stanza of the poem “Easter Wings“ by George Herbert(1593-1663)?Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store,Though fooli
32、shly he lost the same,Decaying more and more,Till he becameMost poore;With theeO let me riseAs larks, harmoniously,And sing this day thy victories;Then shall the fall further the flight in me.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：There are eight different forms of sound patterning, including; rhyme, end rhyme, allit
33、eration, assonance, consonance, reverse rhyme, pararhyme and repetition. In this poem, we can find the following six forms of sound patterning.(2 points) Alliteration; store/same; Lord/lost; this/thy/then/the; fall/further/flight; more/me Assonance; Lord/store/fall; Though/most; same/decaying Conson
34、ance; man/in Rhyme; more/poore/store; because/same; thee/me/harmoniously Half-rhyme; rise/victories Repetition; more/more; me/me.(8 points)解析：解析：考查语音模式。包括头韵、准押韵、辅音韵、押韵、半押韵和反复。9.Analyze the following text from the semantic point of view. Explain whether it is justifiable “To call me colored“? Colored
35、 Dear White Fella You White FellaCouple things you should know When you born, you pink When I born, I black When you grow up, you whiteWhen I grow up, I black When you go in sun, you redWhen I go in sun, I black When you cold, you blueWhen I cold, 1 black When you scared you yellowWhen I sacred, 1 b
36、lack When you sick, you greenWhen I sick, I black And when you die you greyWhen I dieI still black And you have the cheek To call me colored?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：This poem is about the use of the word “colored“. The author cleverly makes use of “colored“ in the sense of “different colors“ to oppose
37、the practice to refer to black people as “colored“. This shows from another point of view that “colored“ is not a superordinate to “red“ , “green“ , “yellow“ , etc.(10 points)解析：解析：考查词的语义成分分析。作者使用不同的词来解释 colored，没有用 colored 来指代黑人，colored 指人时，意为有色人种，带有歧视色彩。从语义学的角度，我们也可以说 colored 与red，green，yellow 等词语不是上下义的关系。
