1、2011 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、匹配题(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Match the term with its definition.(10 points)a. concerning with the inherent meaning of the linguistic formb. the phenomenon that words have different meaningsc. the ways words are formedd. statements that either state, describ
2、ee. the arrangement of elements that make up a phrasef. conjoining elements of the same typeg. the phenomenon that words have more than one meanings（分数：10.00）(1).morphological rules（分数：2.00）_(2).polysemy（分数：2.00）_(3).sense（分数：2.00）_(4).phrase structure rules（分数：2.00）_(5).constative（分数：2.00）_二、名词解释(总
3、题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Give short definition to each of the following terms in English with an example.(20 points)phonic medium of language（分数：2.00）_2.allophone（分数：2.00）_3.transformation（分数：2.00）_4.conversational implicature（分数：2.00）_5.back-formation（分数：2.00）_6.speech community（分数：2.00）_7.sociolect（分数：2.0
4、0）_8.tenor of discourse（分数：2.00）_9.culture overlap（分数：2.00）_10.language acquisition device（分数：2.00）_三、简答题(总题数：1，分数：2.00)11.Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understanding.(20 points)Discuss environmental factors and cognitiv
5、e factors in second language acquisition.（分数：2.00）_2011 年首都师范大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、匹配题(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Match the term with its definition.(10 points)a. concerning with the inherent meaning of the linguistic formb. the phenomenon that words have different meaningsc. the ways words
6、are formedd. statements that either state, describee. the arrangement of elements that make up a phrasef. conjoining elements of the same typeg. the phenomenon that words have more than one meanings（分数：10.00）(1).morphological rules（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：c)解析：解析：形态规则：the ways words are formed(2).polyse
7、my（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：g)解析：解析：一词多义：the phenomenon that words have more than one meanings(3).sense（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：a)解析：解析：意义：concerning with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form(4).phrase structure rules（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：e)解析：解析：短语结构规则：the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase
8、(5).constative（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：d)解析：解析：表述语：statements that either state，describe二、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Give short definition to each of the following terms in English with an example.(20 points)phonic medium of language（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Phonic medium of language refers to the limited ranges
9、 of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.)解析：解析：(考查语言的声音媒介的定义)2.allophone（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. For example, the sound /p/ is pronounced differently
10、 in the two words peak and speak. In order to bring out the phonetic difference, the phonetic transcription for peak isp h i:k, and that for speak isspi:k. Therefore,p, p h are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/, and they are called allophones.)解析：解析：(考查音位变体的定义)3.transformation
11、（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Transformation refers to a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another. For example, inversion, a form of transformation, moves the auxiliary from the infl position to a position to the left of the subject.)解析：解析：(考查转换的定义)4.conversational implicatu
12、re（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in Speech
13、Act Theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning.)解析：解析：(考查会话含义的定义)5.back-formation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Back-formation refers to an unusually abnormal type of word-formation which a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the
14、language. Take editor for example, the word editor appeared before edit. The first part of editor was pulled out and analyzed as a root, and then formed the word edit.)解析：解析：(考查逆构词法的定义)6.speech community（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Speech community is defined as a group of people who form a community which
15、may have as few members as a family or as many members as a country, and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members must share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes towards linguistic forms.)解
16、析：解析：(考查言语社团的定义)7.sociolect（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Social dialect refers to a variety of a language or a dialect used by people belonging to a particular social class. The speakers of a sociolect usually share a similar socioeconomic status and/or educational background.)解析：解析：(考查社会方言的定义)8.tenor of dis
17、course（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. For example, we can ask “What is the relationship between the speaker and the listene
18、r?“)解析：解析：(考查话语基调的定义)9.culture overlap（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Culture overlap refers to the similarities between two societies in the natural environment and psychology of human beings, despite the culture differences. For example, English has been able to infiltrate the majority of languages in Europe
19、 and beyond simply because British and American culture has filtered into foreign societies and cultures and has become a part of these cultures.)解析：解析：(考查文化重叠的定义)10.language acquisition device（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The Language Acquisition Device(LAD)is a postulated “organ“ of the brain that is suppo
20、sed to function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language(i. e. , language acquisition). For example, the LAD enables the children to discover their languages“ structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.)解析：解析：(考查语言习得机制的定义)三、简答题(总题数
21、：1，分数：2.00)11.Answer the following question with necessary background information and/or illustrative examples to show your understanding.(20 points)Discuss environmental factors and cognitive factors in second language acquisition.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The environmental factors are those related to
22、the general characteristics of the environment in which the learner is exposed to the second language.(3 points)Natural exposure to language promotes the acquisition process when the need and opportunity to communicate are present. Learners are exposed to a much more varied and wider range of vocabu
23、lary and structures when the environment is natural, and learners produce more speeches when communication is the main goal.(3 points)For example, when the focus of the language speaker is on communication and meaning, the environment is said to be natural. The speaker does not think about the gramm
24、atical structure of the language but rather use the language in order to get a message across.(4 points) As to the cognitive factors, the cognitive strategies may influence the acquisition of the second language. Cognitive strategies include strategies involved in analyzing, synthesizing, and intern
25、alizing what has been learned.(3 points)It can be classified into metacognitive strategies and social strategies. It consists of some sub-categories, including how to use target language reference materials, how to apply rules to understand or produce second or foreign language sentences, how to mak
26、e up rules based on language analysis, how to use inference in learning and how to take notes and make summaries.(4 points)Under metacognitive categories are planning skills such as self-management, paying attention to important things selectively, monitoring skills such as checking one“s own readin
27、g comprehension and self-evaluation skills, which enable learners to become more aware of their progress and weaknesses.(3 points)解析：解析：考查影响第二语言习得的环境因素和认知因素。在真实的语言环境下，学习者的语言能力可以得到较快的提高。交际活动是语言环境的先决条件，语言习得必须依靠语言环境来实现。社会环境，例如报纸、广播、电视节目等，也对二语习得起着重要的促进作用。影响第二语言习得的认知因素包括个体的内心思维过程以及语法能力的发展。学习者对输入信息的认知程度，以及他们对信息中的语法和语用信息的关注程度等，都会影响学习者的第二语言习得。
